A scoping review of the globally available tools for assessing health research partnership outcomes and impacts.

BACKGROUND: Health research partnership approaches have grown in popularity over the past decade, but the systematic evaluation of their outcomes and impacts has not kept equal pace. Identifying partnership assessment tools and key partnership characteristics is needed to advance partnerships, partnership measurement, and the assessment of their outcomes and impacts through systematic study. OBJECTIVE: To locate and identify globally available tools for assessing the outcomes and impacts of health research partnerships. METHODS: We searched four electronic databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL + , PsychINFO) with an a priori strategy from inception to June 2021, without limits. We screened studies independently and in duplicate, keeping only those involving a health research partnership and the development, use and/or assessment of tools to evaluate partnership outcomes and impacts. Reviewer disagreements were resolved by consensus. Study, tool and partnership characteristics, and emerging research questions, gaps and key recommendations were synthesized using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. RESULTS: We screened 36 027 de-duplicated citations, reviewed 2784 papers in full text, and kept 166 studies and three companion reports. Most studies originated in North America and were published in English after 2015. Most of the 205 tools we identified were questionnaires and surveys targeting researchers, patients and public/community members. While tools were comprehensive and usable, most were designed for single use and lacked validity or reliability evidence. Challenges associated with the interchange and definition of terms (i.e., outcomes, impacts, tool type) were common and may obscure partnership measurement and comparison. Very few of the tools identified in this study overlapped with tools identified by other, similar reviews. Partnership tool development, refinement and evaluation, including tool measurement and optimization, are key areas for future tools-related research. CONCLUSION: This large scoping review identified numerous, single-use tools that require further development and testing to improve their psychometric and scientific qualities. The review also confirmed that the health partnership research domain and its measurement tools are still nascent and actively evolving. Dedicated efforts and resources are required to better understand health research partnerships, partnership optimization and partnership measurement and evaluation using valid, reliable and practical tools that meet partners' needs.

Public knowledge, attitudes and practices of vehicle submersion incidents: a pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Vehicle submersions account for up to 10% of all drownings in high-income countries. Reports indicate that occupants may be conscious and functional, but possibly making incorrect decisions for self-rescue leading to drowning. This study investigated current public knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding vehicle submersion incidents and to determine if individuals, who are aware of educational efforts regarding vehicle submersions, indicated better responses. METHOD: A knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) survey was developed based on previous findings and guidelines from Operation ALIVE (Automobile submersion: Lessons In Vehicle Escape) for vehicle submersion incidents. RESULTS: The majority of respondents (87%) had knowledge of vehicle submersions from the media, but they were not aware (94%) of an effective self-rescue protocol. Respondents felt they had low risk of involvement in a vehicle submersion, and that the chance of survival was likely. Most respondents selected a "successful" initial action for escape; however, other responses indicate the chances of completing a successful self-rescue sequence was less likely. Only 45% of respondents were "aware" of Operation ALIVE educational initiatives, and this awareness did not generally produce better responses. CONCLUSIONS: Public understanding of vehicle submersion incidents is low and current public education efforts have not increased awareness in the severity or the urgency for performing self-rescue in this scenario. Simply increasing public knowledge of "SWOC" ("SEATBELTS" off, "WINDOWS" open, "OUT" immediately, "CHILDREN" first) would help to decrease the high fatality rate associated with this type of road traffic accident.

Comparison of compendial antimicrobial effectiveness tests: a review.

The antimicrobial effectiveness or preservative effectiveness test is described in the tripartite compendia for sterile parenteral multi-dose formulated products. The execution of the test is essentially harmonized with respect to inoculum preparation and test execution but not the acceptance criteria. This article describes how a single test can be performed that procedurally satisfies all of the compendia and their acceptance criteria.

Characterization of an extemporaneous liquid formulation of lisinopril.

The stability of lisinopril in an extemporaneously prepared suspension stored at or below 25 degrees C for 28 days under ambient light exposure was studied. A formulation of 1-mg/mL oral suspension was prepared from commercially available 20-mg lisinopril tablets, using Bicitra and Ora-Sweet SF as the compounding vehicles to make a final volume of 200 mL. Individual samples, stored in 8-oz amber polyethylene terephthalate bottles, were used for each test performed. All samples were stored at 25 degrees C. Appropriateness of the extemporaneous preparation method was performed by shaking three lots of each suspension for 30, 60, and 90 seconds. To test the robustness and reproducibility of the method, two chemists prepared the suspensions from the same three lots of lisinopril tablets. Chemical and physical stability were established by analyzing duplicate samples at time zero and after one, two, four, and six weeks. The solubility of lisinopril was tested from suspensions stored for four weeks. In-use stability was also examined over four weeks. Photochemical stability was examined by exposing three batches of the suspension to maximum light stress in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization. Antimicrobial-effectiveness testing was also conducted with freshly prepared suspensions and suspensions stored for six weeks. The preparation method used was appropriate and effective. Lisinopril is fully dissolved in the suspension matrix. Satisfactory chemical, physical, and microbiological results were obtained after the suspensions were stored for six weeks at 25 degrees C and 35% relative humidity. Lisinopril suspensions extemporaneously prepared from tablets are stable for at least four weeks when stored at or below 25 degrees C under ambient light exposure.