N-hydroxypipecolic acid induces systemic acquired resistance and transcriptional reprogramming via TGA transcription factors.

N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) accumulates in pathogen-inoculated and distant leaves of the Arabidopsis shoot and induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in dependence of the salicylic acid (SA) receptor NPR1. We report here that SAR triggered by exogenous NHP treatment requires the function of the transcription factors TGA2/5/6 in addition to NPR1, and is further positively affected by TGA1/4. Consistently, a tga2/5/6 triple knockout mutant is fully impaired in NHP-induced SAR gene expression, while a tga1/4 double mutant shows an attenuated, partial transcriptional response to NHP. Moreover, tga2/5/6 and tga1/4 exhibited fully and strongly impaired pathogen-triggered SAR, respectively, while SA-induced resistance was more moderately compromised in both lines. At the same time, tga2/5/6 was not and tga1/4 only partially impaired in the accumulation of NHP and SA at sites of bacterial attack. Strikingly, SAR gene expression in the systemic tissue induced by local bacterial inoculation or locally applied NHP fully required functional TGA2/5/6 and largely depended on TGA1/4 factors. The systemic accumulation of NHP and SA was attenuated but not abolished in the SAR-compromised and transcriptionally blocked tga mutants, suggesting their transport from inoculated to systemic tissue. Our results indicate the existence of a critical TGA- and NPR1-dependent transcriptional module that mediates the induction of SAR and systemic defence gene expression by NHP.

Sistematização da assistência de enfermagem: percepção dos enfermeiros / Nursing care systematization: the nurses' perception

Objetivo: Identificar como enfermeiros de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital do Norte do Espírito Santo percebem a Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem (SAE) como método de cuidado. Método: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo com participação de quatro enfermeiros. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, pesquisa documental e observação não participante. Emergiram três categorias analíticas: "Aspectos conceituais da SAE: identificando modelos", "A fragmentação do método: do conceito à prática aplicada" e "A SAE na formação do enfermeiro: teoria x prática". Resultados: Evidenciou fragilidades em relação à percepção dos enfermeiros sobre a SAE e o processo de Enfermagem (PE) e sua exequibilidade. Conclusão: O estudo evidenciou ser emergente responsabilizar e comprometer as equipes de Enfermagem e seus gestores perante a sistematização da assistência, fortalecendo o caráter científico da Enfermagem e o empoderamento de saberes específicos

Objective: To identify the Nursing Care Systematization of Nursing Care / SAE as a method of care. Method: This is a qualitative study with the participation of four nurses. Data collection was performed through a semi-structured interview, documentary research and non-participant observation. Three analytical categories emerged: "Conceptual Aspects of SAE: identifying models", "The fragmentation of the method: from concept to applied practice" and "The SAE in the training of nurses: theory x practice". Results: It showed weaknesses in nurses' perceptions about SAE and PE and their feasibility. Conclusion: The study evidenced the emergence of a responsibility and commitment to the Nursing teams and their managers, before the systematization of care, strengthening the scientific character of Nursing, and the empowerment of specific knowledge

Objetivo: Identificar como enfermeras de cuidados intensivos de un hospital del norte del Espíritu Santo perciben la Sistematización de la Asistencia de Enfermería / SAE como método del cuidado. Método: Se trata de un estudio cualitativo con la participación de cuatro enfermeras. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, investigación de escritorio y de observación no participante. Surgido tres categorías analíticas: "Aspectos Conceptuales SAE: la identificación de modelos", "La fragmentación del método: del concepto a la práctica aplicada" y "SAE en la educación de Enfermería: Teoría x la práctica". Resultados: Debilidades evidentes en relación con la percepción de los enfermeros sobre el NCS y el Parlamento Europeo y su viabilidad. Conclusión: Este estudio mostró una compromoter equipos de Enfermería que son responsables y emergentes y sus directivos, frente a la sistematización de la asistencia, fortaleciendo el carácter científico de la Enfermería, y la potenciación de conocimientos específicos

Performance in a complex task and breathing under odor exposure.

We investigated the influences of odor exposure on performance and on breathing measures. The task was composed of tracking, short-term memory, and peripheral reaction parts. During rest or while performing the task, 12 participants were exposed to 4 different odors in 2 intensities. The higher intensity of the malodors induced a short-term decrement in mean inspiration flow (Vi/Ti) after stimulus onset and impaired performance in the short-term memory task, as compared with control trials; no effect was found for the positively judged odors. The study suggests that a distractor as simple as a bad smell may pull a person off task, however briefly, and may result in a detriment to performance. Actual or potential applications of this research involve designing or securing tasks in such a way that a brief withdrawal of attention does not have fatal consequences.