Variation of butyrate production in the gut microbiome in type 2 diabetes patients / Variación de la producción de butirato en el microbioma intestinal en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2

Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a common disease that poses a challenge to the healthcare system. The disease is very often diagnosed late. A better understanding of the relationship between the gut microbiome and type 2 diabetes can support early detection and form an approach for therapies. Microbiome analysis offers a potential opportunity to find markers for this disease. Next-generation sequencing methods can be used to identify the bacteria present in the stool sample and to generate a microbiome profile through an analysis pipeline. Statistical analysis, e.g., using Student’s t-test, allows the identification of significant differences. The investigations are not only focused on single bacteria, but on the determination of a comprehensive profile. Also, the consideration of the functional microbiome is included in the analyses. The dataset is not from a clinical survey, but very extensive. Results: By examining 946 microbiome profiles of diabetes mellitus type 2 sufferers (272) and healthy control persons (674), a large number of significant genera (25) are revealed. It is possible to identify a large profile for type 2 diabetes disease. Furthermore, it is shown that the diversity of bacteria per taxonomic level in the group of persons with diabetes mellitus type 2 is significantly reduced compared to a healthy control group. In addition, six pathways are determined to be significant for type 2 diabetes describing the fermentation to butyrate. These parameters tend to have high potential for disease detection. Conclusions: With this investigation of the gut microbiome of persons with diabetes type 2 disease, we present significant bacteria and pathways characteristic of this disease.(AU)

Variation of butyrate production in the gut microbiome in type 2 diabetes patients.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a common disease that poses a challenge to the healthcare system. The disease is very often diagnosed late. A better understanding of the relationship between the gut microbiome and type 2 diabetes can support early detection and form an approach for therapies. Microbiome analysis offers a potential opportunity to find markers for this disease. Next-generation sequencing methods can be used to identify the bacteria present in the stool sample and to generate a microbiome profile through an analysis pipeline. Statistical analysis, e.g., using Student's t-test, allows the identification of significant differences. The investigations are not only focused on single bacteria, but on the determination of a comprehensive profile. Also, the consideration of the functional microbiome is included in the analyses. The dataset is not from a clinical survey, but very extensive. RESULTS: By examining 946 microbiome profiles of diabetes mellitus type 2 sufferers (272) and healthy control persons (674), a large number of significant genera (25) are revealed. It is possible to identify a large profile for type 2 diabetes disease. Furthermore, it is shown that the diversity of bacteria per taxonomic level in the group of persons with diabetes mellitus type 2 is significantly reduced compared to a healthy control group. In addition, six pathways are determined to be significant for type 2 diabetes describing the fermentation to butyrate. These parameters tend to have high potential for disease detection. CONCLUSIONS: With this investigation of the gut microbiome of persons with diabetes type 2 disease, we present significant bacteria and pathways characteristic of this disease.

Generalized and Specific Problematic Internet Use in Central Siberia Adolescents: A School-Based Study of Prevalence, Age-Sex Depending Content Structure, and Comorbidity with Psychosocial Problems.

We aimed to assess the prevalence, content structure and, psychological comorbidity of PIU in Russian adolescents. In addition, the design of our research provided an opportunity to compare demographic and psychological patterns of different forms of PIU: generalized (PIUgen) and specific problematic video game use (PUgame), as well as problematic social media use (PUsocial). METHODS: This is a one-stage cross-sectional observational study of school sampling in three major Siberian cities. A total of 4514 schoolchildren aged 12-18 (mean age 14.52 ± 1.52 years) were surveyed. The Chen Internet Addiction Scale, the Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents, and the Social Media Disorder Scale were used to identify PIU and its types. RESULTS: The prevalence of PIUgen among adolescents in Central Siberia was 7.2%; the prevalence of PUgame was 10.4%; the prevalence of PUsocial was 8.0%. The results of structural equation modelling, as well as the correlation analysis data, suggest two possible patterns of psychosocial problems with PIU-the first one is characteristic of both PIUgen and PUsocial. The second one-which is significantly different-is characteristic of PUgame. CONCLUSIONS: Urban adolescents in Central Siberia do not differ significantly from their Asian and European peers. Our findings support the concept of rejecting the term "generalized PIU" as a single psychological construct.

Spatiotemporal analysis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Palestine and foresight study by projections modelling until 2060 based on climate change prediction.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector-borne parasitic diseases of public health importance that is prevalent in the West Bank but not in the Gaza Strip. The disease caused by parasitic protozoans from the genus Leishmania and it is transmitted by infected phlebotomine sand flies. The aim of our study is to investigate the eco-epidemiological parameters and spatiotemporal projections of CL in Palestine over a 30-years period from 1990 through 2020 and to explore future projections until 2060. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This long-term descriptive epidemiological study includes investigation of demographic characteristics of reported patients by the Palestinian Ministry of Health (PMoH). Moreover, we explored spatiotemporal distribution of CL including future projection based on climate change scenarios. The number of CL patients reported during this period was 5855 cases, and the average annual incidence rate (AAIR) was 18.5 cases/105 population. The male to female ratio was 1.25:1. Patients-age ranged from 2 months to 89 years (mean = 22.5, std 18.67, and the median was 18 years). More than 65% of the cases came from three governates in the West Bank; Jenin 29% (1617 cases), Jericho 25% (1403), and Tubas 12% (658) with no cases reported in the Gaza Strip. Seasonal occurrence of CL starts to increase in December and peaked during March and April of the following year. Current distribution of CL indicate that Jericho, Tubas, Jenin and Nablus have the most suitable climatic settings for the sandfly vectors. Future projections until 2060 suggest an increasing incidence from northwest of Jenin down to the southwest of Ramallah, disappearance of the foci in Jericho and Tubas throughout the Jordan Vally, and possible emergence of new foci in Gaza Strip. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The future projection of CL in Palestine until 2060 show a tendency of increasing incidence in the north western parts of the West Bank, disappearance from Jericho and Tubas throughout the Jordan Vally, and emergence of new CL endemic foci in the Gaza Strip. These results should be considered to implement effective control and surveillance systems to counteract spatial expansion of CL vectors.

Internet Addiction and Sleep Problems among Russian Adolescents: A Field School-Based Study.

This study aims to establish a link between disturbances in the night sleep habitus, quality of sleep, and daytime sleepiness in adolescents with Internet addiction and different types of content consumed. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional observational study of a school sample in three large cities in Central Siberia. 4615 schoolchildren of 12-18 years old were examined. The Russian-language versions of the Chen Internet Addiction Scale, the Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents, and the Social Media Disorder Scale were used to identify Internet addiction. Questions from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire were used to assess nighttime sleep. Daytime sleepiness was assessed using the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale questionnaire. RESULTS: Adolescents with Internet addiction go to bed and wake up late; they are characterized by a decrease in the duration of nighttime sleep, an increase in sleep onset latency, and frequent nighttime awakenings, as well as more pronounced daytime sleepiness. Among the sleep parameters studied, the indicators of daytime sleepiness and night awakening scales have the highest effect size in Internet-addicted adolescents, regardless of the media consumed. CONCLUSION: Internet-addicted adolescents are characterized by significant disturbances in the quality of nighttime sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness, which requires appropriate psychological correction.

On multistability near the boundary of generalized synchronization in unidirectionally coupled chaotic systems.

Multistability in the intermittent generalized synchronization regime in unidirectionally coupled chaotic systems has been found. To study such a phenomenon, the method for revealing the existence of multistable states in interacting systems being the modification of an auxiliary system approach has been proposed. The efficiency of the method has been testified using the examples of unidirectionally coupled logistic maps and Rössler systems being in the intermittent generalized synchronization regime. The quantitative characteristic of multistability has been introduced into consideration.

Microsatellite based molecular epidemiology of Leishmania infantum from re-emerging foci of visceral leishmaniasis in Armenia and pilot risk assessment by ecological niche modeling.

BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is re-emerging in Armenia since 1999 with 167 cases recorded until 2019. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine for the first time the genetic diversity and population structure of the causative agent of VL in Armenia; (ii) to compare these genotypes with those from most endemic regions worldwide; (iii) to monitor the diversity of vectors in Armenia; (iv) to predict the distribution of the vectors and VL in time and space by ecological niche modeling. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Human samples from different parts of Armenia previously identified by ITS-1-RFLP as L. infantum were studied by Multilocus Microsatellite Typing (MLMT). These data were combined with previously typed L. infantum strains from the main global endemic regions for population structure analysis. Within the 23 Armenian L. infantum strains 22 different genotypes were identified. The combined analysis revealed that all strains belong to the worldwide predominating MON1-population, however most closely related to a subpopulation from Southeastern Europe, Maghreb, Middle East and Central Asia. The three observed Armenian clusters grouped within this subpopulation with strains from Greece/Turkey, and from Central Asia, respectively. Ecological niche modeling based on VL cases and collected proven vectors (P. balcanicus, P. kandelakii) identified Yerevan and districts Lori, Tavush, Syunik, Armavir, Ararat bordering Georgia, Turkey, Iran and Azerbaijan as most suitable for the vectors and with the highest risk for VL transmission. Due to climate change the suitable habitat for VL transmission will expand in future all over Armenia. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic diversity and population structure of the causative agent of VL in Armenia were addressed for the first time. Further genotyping studies should be performed with samples from infected humans, animals and sand flies from all active foci including the neighboring countries to understand transmission cycles, re-emergence, spread, and epidemiology of VL in Armenia and the entire Transcaucasus enabling epidemiological monitoring.

Intermittent route to generalized synchronization in bidirectionally coupled chaotic oscillators.

The type of transition from asynchronous behavior to the generalized synchronization regime in mutually coupled chaotic oscillators has been studied. To separate the epochs of the synchronous and asynchronous motion in time series of mutually coupled chaotic oscillators, a method based on the local Lyapunov exponent calculation has been proposed. The efficiency of the method has been testified using the examples of unidirectionally coupled dynamical systems for which the type of transition is well known. The transition to generalized synchronization regime in mutually coupled systems has been shown to be an on-off intermittency as well as in the case of the unidirectional coupling.

Experimental Observation of Ultrashort Hyperchaotic Dark Multisoliton Complexes in a Magnonic Active Ring Resonator.

We report on the self-generation of ultrashort hyperchaotic dark multisoliton sequences with two positive large Lyapunov exponents in an active ring resonator consisting of a multifunctional L-shaped magnonic waveguide and a saturable amplifier. The irregular magnonic waveguide supports the converting of backward volume magnetostatic spin waves with negative dispersion to magnetostatic surface spin waves with positive dispersion that is accompanied by a transition from four-wave to three-wave nonlinear spin-wave interactions. Each multisoliton complex consists of four dark parametric pulses containing the soliton trains of four dark incoherent spin-wave envelope solitons possessing a subnanosecond duration. Such patterns are formed due to the dispersion and nonlinearity management, the nonlinear transformation of the pulse signal in the saturable amplifier and the partial chaotic synchronization of both the ring eigenmodes and the spin wave automodulation frequencies. We also demonstrate a new intermittency type of "hyperchaotic multisoliton complexes-hyperchaotic multisoliton gas" with the increase of the signal power level.

Jump intermittency as a second type of transition to and from generalized synchronization.

The transition from asynchronous dynamics to generalized chaotic synchronization and then to completely synchronous dynamics is known to be accompanied by on-off intermittency. We show that there is another (second) type of the transition called jump intermittency which occurs near the boundary of generalized synchronization in chaotic systems with complex two-sheeted attractors. Although this transient behavior also exhibits intermittent dynamics, it differs sufficiently from on-off intermittency supposed hitherto to be the only type of motion corresponding to the transition to generalized synchronization. This type of transition has been revealed and the underling mechanism has been explained in both unidirectionally and mutually coupled chaotic Lorenz and Chen oscillators. To detect the epochs of synchronous and asynchronous motion in mutually coupled oscillators with complex topology of an attractor a technique based on finding time intervals when the phase trajectories are located on equal or different sheets of chaotic attractors of coupled oscillators has been developed. We have also shown that in the unidirectionally coupled systems the proposed technique gives the same results that may obtained with the help of the traditional method using the auxiliary system approach.

Self-generation of chaotic dissipative multisoliton complexes supported by competing nonlinear spin-wave interactions.

A self-generation of chaotic dissipative spin-wave multisoliton complexes has been observed experimentally. Localized in time, these patterns are formed in a passively Q-switched and mode-locked magnetic film feedback ring due to the competing three- and four-wave nonlinear spin-wave interactions. Such competition induces a modulation instability that leads to the formation of incoherent one-color four-wave bound solitons embedded in chaotic three-wave solitonlike pulses. The development of a symmetry-breaking instability causes a transition from incoherent one-color four-wave bound solitons to chaotic multicolor ones.

Spatiotemporal and molecular epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Libya.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major public health problem in Libya. In this paper, we describe the eco-epidemiological parameters of CL during the armed conflict period from January 2011 till December 2012. Current spatiotemporal distributions of CL cases were explored and projected to the future using a correlative modelling approach. In addition the present results were compared with our previous data obtained for the time period 1995-2008. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We investigated 312 CL patients who presented to the Dermatology Department at the Tripoli Central Hospital and came from 81 endemic areas distributed in 10 districts. The patients presented with typical localized lesions which appeared commonly on the face, arms and legs. Molecular identification of parasites by a PCR-RFLP approach targeting the ITS1 region of the rDNA was successful for 81 patients with two causative species identified: L. major and L. tropica comprised 59 (72.8%) and 22 (27.2%) cases, respectively. Around 77.3% of L. tropica CL and 57.7% of L. major CL caused single lesions. Five CL patients among our data set were seropositive for HIV. L. tropica was found mainly in three districts, Murqub (27.3%), Jabal al Gharbi (27.3%) and Misrata (13.7%) while L. major was found in two districts, in Jabal al Gharbi (61%) and Jafara (20.3%). Seasonal occurrence of CL cases showed that most cases (74.2%) admitted to the hospital between November and March, L. major cases from November till January (69.4%), and L. tropica cases mainly in January and February (41%). Two risk factors were identified for the two species; the presence of previously infected household members, and the presence of rodents and sandflies in patient's neighborhoods. Spatiotemporal projections using correlative distribution models based on current case data and climatic conditions showed that coastal regions have a higher level of risk due to more favourable conditions for the transmitting vectors. CONCLUSION: Future projection of CL until 2060 showed a trend of increasing incidence of CL in the north-western part of Libya, a spread along the coastal region and a possible emergence of new endemics in the north-eastern districts of Libya. These results should be considered for control programs to prevent the emergence of new endemic areas taking also into consideration changes in socio-economical factors such as migration, conflicts, urbanization, land use and access to health care.

Self-similarity in explosive synchronization of complex networks.

We report that explosive synchronization of networked oscillators (a process through which the transition to coherence occurs without intermediate stages but is rather characterized by a sudden and abrupt jump from the network's asynchronous to synchronous motion) is related to self-similarity of synchronous clusters of different size. Self-similarity is revealed by destructing the network synchronous state during the backward transition and observed with the decrease of the coupling strength between the nodes of the network. As illustrative examples, networks of Kuramoto oscillators with different topologies of links have been considered. For each one of such topologies, the destruction of the synchronous state goes step by step with self-similar configurations of interacting oscillators. At the critical point, the invariance of the phase distribution in the synchronized cluster with respect to the cluster size is reported.

Amplification through chaotic synchronization in spatially extended beam-plasma systems.

In this paper, we have studied the relationship between chaotic synchronization and microwave signal amplification in coupled beam-plasma systems. We have considered a 1D particle-in-cell numerical model of unidirectionally coupled beam-plasma oscillatory media being in the regime of electron pattern formation. We have shown the significant gain of microwave oscillation power in coupled beam-plasma media being in the different regimes of generation. The discovered effect has a close connection with the chaotic synchronization phenomenon, so we have observed that amplification appears after the onset of the complete time scale synchronization regime in the analyzed coupled spatially extended systems. We have also provided the numerical study of physical processes in the chain of beam-plasma systems leading to the chaotic synchronization and the amplification of microwave oscillations power, respectively.

Explosive synchronization coexists with classical synchronization in the Kuramoto model.

Explosive synchronization has recently been reported in a system of adaptively coupled Kuramoto oscillators, without any conditions on the frequency or degree of the nodes. Here, we find that, in fact, the explosive phase coexists with the standard phase of the Kuramoto oscillators. We determine this by extending the mean-field theory of adaptively coupled oscillators with full coupling to the case with partial coupling of a fraction f. This analysis shows that a metastable region exists for all finite values of f > 0, and therefore explosive synchronization is expected for any perturbation of adaptively coupling added to the standard Kuramoto model. We verify this theory with GPU-accelerated simulations on very large networks (N ∼ 10(6)) and find that, in fact, an explosive transition with hysteresis is observed for all finite couplings. By demonstrating that explosive transitions coexist with standard transitions in the limit of f → 0, we show that this behavior is far more likely to occur naturally than was previously believed.

Separation of coexisting dynamical regimes in multistate intermittency based on wavelet spectrum energies in an erbium-doped fiber laser.

We propose a method for the detection and localization of different types of coexisting oscillatory regimes that alternate with each other leading to multistate intermittency. Our approach is based on consideration of wavelet spectrum energies. The proposed technique is tested in an erbium-doped fiber laser with four coexisting periodic orbits, where external noise induces intermittent switches between the coexisting states. Statistical characteristics of multistate intermittency, such as the mean duration of the phases for every oscillation type, are examined with the help of the developed method. We demonstrate strong advantages of the proposed technique over previously used amplitude methods.

Coexistence of intermittencies in the neuronal network of the epileptic brain.

Intermittent behavior occurs widely in nature. At present, several types of intermittencies are known and well-studied. However, consideration of intermittency has usually been limited to the analysis of cases when only one certain type of intermittency takes place. In this paper, we report on the temporal behavior of the complex neuronal network in the epileptic brain, when two types of intermittent behavior coexist and alternate with each other. We prove the presence of this phenomenon in physiological experiments with WAG/Rij rats being the model living system of absence epilepsy. In our paper, the deduced theoretical law for distributions of the lengths of laminar phases prescribing the power law with a degree of -2 agrees well with the experimental neurophysiological data.

Lyapunov exponent corresponding to enslaved phase dynamics: Estimation from time series.

A method for the estimation of the Lyapunov exponent corresponding to enslaved phase dynamics from time series has been proposed. It is valid for both nonautonomous systems demonstrating periodic dynamics in the presence of noise and coupled chaotic oscillators and allows us to estimate precisely enough the value of this Lyapunov exponent in the supercritical region of the control parameters. The main results are illustrated with the help of the examples of the noised circle map, the nonautonomous Van der Pole oscillator in the presence of noise, and coupled chaotic Rössler systems.

Intermittency of intermittencies.

A phenomenon of intermittency of intermittencies is discovered in the temporal behavior of two coupled complex systems. We observe for the first time the coexistence of two types of intermittent behavior taking place simultaneously near the boundary of the synchronization regime of coupled chaotic oscillators. This phenomenon is found both in the numerical and physiological experiments. The laws for both the distribution and mean length of laminar phases versus the control parameter values are analytically deduced. A very good agreement between the theoretical results and simulation is shown.

Inapplicability of an auxiliary-system approach to chaotic oscillators with mutual-type coupling and complex networks.

The auxiliary system approach being de facto the standard for the study of generalized synchronization in the unidirectionally coupled chaotic oscillators is also widely used to examine the mutually coupled systems and networks of nonlinear elements with the complex topology of links between nodes. In this Brief Report we illustrate by two simple counterexamples that the auxiliary-system approach gives incorrect results for the mutually coupled oscillators and therefore to study the generalized synchronization this approach may be used only for the drive-response configuration of nonlinear oscillators and networks.