Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Potential, Antimicrobial Activity, and Cytotoxicity of Dry Extract from Rosa damascena Mill.

Dry rose extract (DRE) obtained industrially by aqueous ethanol extraction from R. damascena flowers and its phenolic-enriched fraction, obtained by re-extraction with ethyl acetate (EAE) were the subject of this study. 1H NMR of DRE allowed the identification and quantitation of fructose and glucose, while the combined use of HPLC-DAD-ESIMS and HPLC-HRMS showed the presence of 14 kaempferol glycosides, 12 quercetin glycosides, 4 phenolic acids and their esters, 4 galloyl glycosides, 7 ellagitannins, and quinic acid. In addition, the structures of 13 of the flavonoid glycosides were further confirmed by NMR. EAE was found to be richer in TPC and TFC and showed better antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) compared to DRE. Both extracts displayed significant activity against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and S. epidermidis, but showed no activity against Candida albicans. Toxicity tests on normal human skin fibroblasts revealed low toxicity for both extracts with stronger effects observed at 24 hours of treatment that were compensated for over the following two days. Human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells exhibited an opposite response after treatment with a concentration above 350 µg/mL for EAE and 500 µg/mL for DRE, showing increased toxicity after the third day of treatment. Lower concentrations were non-toxic and did not significantly affect the cell cycle parameters of either of the cell lines.

Endometrial immune cell ratios and implantation success in patients with recurrent implantation failure.

The objective of this study was to compare the endometrial immune cells quantities and ratios during the mid-luteal phase between women with recurrent implantation failure (RIF) with successful and unsuccessful embryo implantation. For this purpose, endometrial biopsies from 116 women aged between 29 and 46 with history of RIF undergoing Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) without endometrial pathologies were immunohistochemically stained for CD3 + T-cells, CD4 + T-helpers, CD8 + T-killers, CD14 + monocytes, CD68 + macrophages, CD56 + NK cells and CD79α+ B-cells. Endometrial immune cells quantities and ratios were compared based on the embryo implantation outcome in the subsequent embryo transfer cycle. Spearman correlation analysis and Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyse the obtained data. Patients who experienced successful implantation at the subsequent cycle had significantly lower percentage of CD3 + T cells, and higher ratios of CD4 + /CD8 + , CD4 + /CD3 + and CD68 + /CD3 + than the patients who experienced another failure in implantation. In addition, the ratios of CD3 + /CD14 + , CD79α+ /CD14 + and CD56 + /CD14 + were significantly lower in the successful implantation group than that in the unsuccessful one. A cut off value of CD68 + /CD3 + ratio higher than 0.85 (AUC 0.67, 95% CI 0.56-0.79), CD4 + /CD3 + ratio higher than 0.19 (AUC 0.67, 95% CI 0.56-0.79) and CD4 + /CD8 + ratio higher than 0.43 (AUC 0.62, 95% CI 0.50-0.73) could be predictive factors for successful implantation in RIF patients. Knowledge on the immune cell composition could assist in the evaluation of the endometrial receptivity in RIF patients.

Cholesterol Alters the Phase Separation in Model Membranes Containing hBest1.

Human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells express the transmembrane Ca2+-dependent Cl- channel bestrophin-1 (hBest1) of the plasma membrane. Mutations in the hBest1 protein are associated with the development of distinct pathological conditions known as bestrophinopathies. The interactions between hBest1 and plasma membrane lipids (cholesterol (Chol), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and sphingomyelin (SM)) determine its lateral organization and surface dynamics, i.e., their miscibility or phase separation. Using the surface pressure/mean molecular area (π/A) isotherms, hysteresis and compressibility moduli (Cs-1) of hBest1/POPC/Chol and hBest1/SM/Chol composite Langmuir monolayers, we established that the films are in an LE (liquid-expanded) or LE-LC (liquid-condensed) state, the components are well-mixed and the Ca2+ ions have a condensing effect on the surface molecular organization. Cholesterol causes a decrease in the elasticity of both films and a decrease in the ΔGmixπ values (reduction of phase separation) of hBest1/POPC/Chol films. For the hBest1/SM/Chol monolayers, the negative values of ΔGmixπ are retained and equalized with the values of ΔGmixπ in the hBest1/POPC/Chol films. Shifts in phase separation/miscibility by cholesterol can lead to changes in the structure and localization of hBest1 in the lipid rafts and its channel functions.

Condensing Effect of Cholesterol on hBest1/POPC and hBest1/SM Langmuir Monolayers.

Human bestrophin-1 protein (hBest1) is a transmembrane channel associated with the calcium-dependent transport of chloride ions in the retinal pigment epithelium as well as with the transport of glutamate and GABA in nerve cells. Interactions between hBest1, sphingomyelins, phosphatidylcholines and cholesterol are crucial for hBest1 association with cell membrane domains and its biological functions. As cholesterol plays a key role in the formation of lipid rafts, motional ordering of lipids and modeling/remodeling of the lateral membrane structure, we examined the effect of different cholesterol concentrations on the surface tension of hBest1/POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and hBest1/SM Langmuir monolayers in the presence/absence of Ca2+ ions using surface pressure measurements and Brewster angle microscopy studies. Here, we report that cholesterol: (1) has negligible condensing effect on pure hBest1 monolayers detected mainly in the presence of Ca2+ ions, and; (2) induces a condensing effect on composite hBest1/POPC and hBest1/SM monolayers. These results offer evidence for the significance of intermolecular protein-lipid interactions for the conformational dynamics of hBest1 and its biological functions as multimeric ion channel.

Miscibility of hBest1 and sphingomyelin in surface films - A prerequisite for interaction with membrane domains.

Human bestrophin-1 (hBest1) is a transmembrane Ca2+- dependent anion channel, associated with the transport of Cl-, HCO3- ions, γ-aminobutiric acid (GABA), glutamate (Glu), and regulation of retinal homeostasis. Its mutant forms cause retinal degenerative diseases, defined as Bestrophinopathies. Using both physicochemical - surface pressure/mean molecular area (π/A) isotherms, hysteresis, compressibility moduli of hBest1/sphingomyelin (SM) monolayers, Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) studies, and biological approaches - detergent membrane fractionation, Laurdan (6-dodecanoyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-naphthylamine) and immunofluorescence staining of stably transfected MDCK-hBest1 and MDCK II cells, we report: 1) Ca2+, Glu and GABA interact with binary hBest1/SM monolayers at 35 °C, resulting in changes in hBest1 surface conformation, structure, self-organization and surface dynamics. The process of mixing in hBest1/SM monolayers is spontaneous and the effect of protein on binary films was defined as "fluidizing", hindering the phase-transition of monolayer from liquid-expanded to intermediate (LE-M) state; 2) in stably transfected MDCK-hBest1 cells, bestrophin-1 was distributed between detergent resistant (DRM) and detergent-soluble membranes (DSM) - up to 30 % and 70 %, respectively; in alive cells, hBest1 was visualized in both liquid-ordered (Lo) and liquid-disordered (Ld) fractions, quantifying protein association up to 35 % and 65 % with Lo and Ld. Our results indicate that the spontaneous miscibility of hBest1 and SM is a prerequisite to diverse protein interactions with membrane domains, different structural conformations and biological functions.

Caffeoylquinic Acids, Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, Acetylcholinesterase and Tyrosinase Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Six Inula Species from Bulgaria.

Chlorogenic (5-CQA), 1,5-, 3,5-, 4,5- and 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic (DCQA) acids were identified and quantified in the methanol extracts of Inula oculus-christi L., I. bifrons L., I. aschersoniana Janka var. aschersoniana, I. ensifolia L., I. conyza (Griess.) DC. and I. germanica L. by HPLC analysis. The amount of 5-CQA varied from 5.48 to 28.44 mg/g DE and the highest content was detected in I. ensifolia. 1,5-DCQA (4.05-55.25 mg/g DE) was the most abundant dicaffeoyl ester of quinic acid followed by 3,5-DCQA, 4,5-DCQA and 3,4-DCQA. The extract of I. ensifolia showed the highest total phenolic content (119.92±0.95 mg GAE/g DE) and exhibited the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity (69.41±0.55 %). I. bifrons extract was found to be the most active sample against ABTS.+ (TEAC 0.257±0.012 mg/mL) and the best tyrosinase inhibitor. The studied extracts demonstrated a low inhibitory effect towards acetylcholinesterase and possessed low cytotoxicity in concentration range from 10 to 300 µg/mL toward non-cancer (MDCK II) and cancer (A 549) cells.

Polyplex Particles Based on Comb-Like Polyethylenimine/Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) Copolymers: Relating Biological Performance with Morphology and Structure.

The present contribution is focused on feasibility of using comb-like copolymers of polyethylenimine with poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (LPEI-comb-PEtOx) with varying grafting densities and degrees of polymerization of PEI and PEtOx to deliver DNA molecules into cells. The copolymers form small and well-defined particles at elevated temperatures, which are used as platforms for binding and condensing DNA. The electrostatic interactions between particles and DNA result in formation of sub-100 nm polyplex particles of narrow size distribution and different morphology and structure. The investigated gene delivery systems exhibit transfection efficiency dependent on the copolymer chain topology, shape of the polyplex particles, and internalization pathway. Flow cytometry shows enhanced transfection efficiency of the polyplexes with elongated and ellipsoidal morphology. The preliminary biocompatibility study on a panel of human cell lines shows that pure copolymers and polyplexes thereof are practically devoid of cytotoxicity.

Effects of Ca2+, Glu and GABA on hBest1 and composite hBest1/POPC surface films.

Bestrophinopathies are ocular diseases caused by mutations in the human bestrophin-1 (hBest1) - transmembrane Ca2+-activated chloride channel protein, mainly expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. hBest1 is also an important transporter for neurotransmitters such as glutamate (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the nervous system. Recently, a new biological role of hBest1, related to its possible involvement in the pathology of brain diseases (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease) has been proposed. Here, we report the effects of Ca2+, Glu and GABA on hBest1 and composite hBest1/POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers based on surface dynamics (π/A isotherms, hysteresis and compressibility), morphology (Brewster angle microscopy, BAM) and visualization of protein molecular organization (Atomic force microscopy, AFM). Ca2+ ions and neurotransmitters Glu and GABA affect hBest1 topology at the air/water interface altering its surface activity, size, orientation and organization. In contrast, no significant changes were detected on π/A isotherms and hysteresis of the composite hBest1/POPC films but their effects on structure, aggregation state and orientation hBest1 established by BAM and AFM differentiate. We found that the binary films of hBest1 and POPC are phase separated at the air/water interface, suggesting stronger lipid-lipid and protein-protein interactions than lipid-protein interactions that can significantly alter the molecular organization and activity of hBest1 in cell membranes. Our data shed light on structure, surface behavior and organization of hBest1 that define relationship structure-functional activity of hBest1 as transport channel.

Effects of Ca2+ ions on bestrophin-1 surface films.

Human bestrophin-1 (hBest1) is a transmembrane calcium-activated chloride channel protein - member of the bestrophin family of anion channels, predominantly expressed in the membrane of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. Mutations in the protein cause ocular diseases, named Bestrophinopathies. Here, we present the first Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study of the secondary structure elements of hBest1, π/A isotherms and hysteresis, Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) visualization of the aggregation state of protein molecules dispersed as Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films. The secondary structure of hBest1 consists predominantly of 310-helices (27.2%), α-helixes (16.3%), ß-turns and loops (32.2%). AFM images of hBest1 suggest approximate lateral dimensions of 100×160Å and 75Å height. Binding of calcium ions (Ca2+) induces conformational changes in the protein secondary structure leading to assembly of protein molecules and changes in molecular and macro-organization of hBest1 in monolayers. These data provide basic information needed in pursuit of molecular mechanisms underlying retinal and other pathologies linked to this protein.

Preparation and Biological Activity of New Collagen Composites, Part I: Collagen/Zinc Titanate Nanocomposites.

The aim of this investigation was to develop new antimicrobial collagen/zinc titanate (ZnTiO3) biomaterials using a sol-gel cryogenic draying technology in keeping the native collagen activity. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity was demonstrated against Firmicutes (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, and Candida lusitaniae) and Gracilicutes (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas putida) microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity as well as the cytotoxicity were specific for the different test microorganisms (Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi) and model eukaryotic cells (osteosarcoma, fibroblast, and keratinocyte cells), respectively, and both were depending on the ZnTiO3 concentration. Three mechanisms of the antimicrobial action were supposed, including (i) mechanical demolition of the cell wall and membrane by the crystal nanoparticles of the ZnTiO3 entrapped in the collagen matrix, (ii) chelation of its metal ions, and (iii) formation of free oxygen radicals due to the interaction between the microbial cells and antimicrobial agent. It was concluded that the optimal balance between antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity could be achieved by a variation of the ZnTiO3 concentration. The antifungal and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of the studied collagen/ZnTiO3 nanocomposites, combined with a low cytotoxicity, makes them a promising anti-infection biomaterial.

Transepithelial resistance in human bestrophin-1 stably transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.

Bestrophin-1 (Best1) is a transmembrane protein, found in the basolateral plasma membrane of retinal pigmented epithelial cells. The exact structure and functions of Best1 protein are still unclear. The protein is thought to be a regulator of ion channels, or an ion channel itself: it was shown to be permeable for chloride, thiocyanate, bicarbonate, glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Mutations in the gene for Best1 are leading to best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BVMD) and are found in several other types of maculopathy. In order to obtain additional information about Best1 protein, we determined cell polarization of a stably transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line II (MDCK II) cell line, expressing human Best1. We measured the transepithelial resistance of transfected and non-transfected MDCK cells by voltmeter EVOM, over 10 days at 24 hour intervals. The first few days (first-fourth day) both cell lines showed the same or similar values ​​of transmembrane resistance. As expected, on the fifth day the non-transfected cells showed maximum value of epithelial resistance, corresponding to the forming of monolayer. The transfected cells showed maximum value of transepithelial resistance on the ninth day of their cultivation. Phalloidin staining of actin demonstrated the difference in actin arrangements between transfected and non-transfected cells due to Best1. As a consequence of actin rearrangement, Best1 strongly affects the transepithelial resistance of polarizing stably transfected MDCK cells. Our results suggest that Best1 protein has an effect on transepithelial resistance and actin rearrangements of polarized stably transfected MDCK cells.

Changes in the functional characteristics of tumor and normal cells after treatment with extracts of white dead-nettle.

Lamium album L. is a perennial herb widely used in folk medicine. It possesses a wide spectrum of therapeutic activities (anti-inflammatory, astringent, antiseptic, antibiotic, antispasmodic, antioxidant and anti-proliferative). Preservation of medicinal plant could be done by in vitro propagation to avoid depletion from their natural habitat. It is important to know whether extracts from L. album plants grown in vitro possess similar properties as extracts from plants grown in vivo. For these reasons, it is important to examine changes in the composition of secondary metabolites during in vitro cultivation of the plant and how they affect the biological activity. We used A549 human cancer cell line and normal kidney epithelial cells MDCKII (Madin-Darby canine kidney cells II) as controls in assessing the anti-cancer effect of plant extracts. To elucidate changes in some key functional characteristics, adhesion test, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide), transepithelial resistance (TER), immunofluorescence staining and trypan blue exclusion test were performed. Methanol and chloroform extracts of in vivo and in vitro propagated plants affected differently cancerous and non-cancerous cells. The most pronounced differences were observed in the morphological analysis and in the cell adhesive properties. We also detected suppressed epithelial transmembrane electrical resistance of MDCK II cells, by treatment with plant extracts, compared to non-treated MDCK II cells. A549 cells did not polarize under the same conditions. Altered organization of actin filaments in both cell types were noticed suggesting that extracts from L. album L. change TER and actin filaments, and somehow may block cell mechanisms, leading to the polarization of MDCK II cells.

Interaction of Bestrophin-1 with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) in surface films.

Human bestrophin-1 (hBest1) is a transmembrane channel protein, predominantly expressed in the membrane of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. Although it is clear that hBest1's interactions with lipids are crucial for its function such studies were not performed as the protein was not purified. Here we describe an effective purification of hBest1 from Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells via simple gel-filtration and affinity chromatographic steps, which makes possible to probe the protein interplay with lipids. The interaction of the purified hBest1 with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) was studied in Langmuir monolayers. The surface pressure (π)-area (A) isotherms and compression/expansion isocycles of POPC monolayer were recorded in absence and presence of hBest1 in the subphase. The π(A) isotherms were analyzed in terms of surface compressional modulus and via two-dimensional virial equation of state. The dilatational rheological properties of the surface films and their surface potential were also measured. The morphology of the films was observed by Brewster angle microscopy. The inclusion of the protein in the film subphase does not lead to in-depth penetration of hBest1 but interaction takes place in the headgroup region of the monolayer. The hBest1/POPC interaction resulted in formation of more condensed films, which rheological properties and lateral structure differed significantly from the pure POPC monolayers. Our study sheds light on the still unclear question how hBest1 gets in touch with biomembrane phospholipids of eukaryotic cells that might be of key importance for the proper structure and function of RPE biomembranes.

Disease-causing mutations in BEST1 gene are associated with altered sorting of bestrophin-1 protein.

Mutations in BEST1 gene, encoding the bestrophin-1 (Best1) protein are associated with macular dystrophies. Best1 is predominantly expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and is inserted in its basolateral membrane. We investigated the cellular localization in polarized MDCKII cells of disease-associated Best1 mutant proteins to study specific sorting motifs of Best1. Real-time PCR and western blots for endogenous expression of BEST1 in MDCK cells were performed. Best1 mutant constructs were generated using site-directed mutagenesis and transfected in MDCK cells. For protein sorting, confocal microscopy studies, biotinylation assays and statistical methods for quantification of mislocalization were used. Analysis of endogenous expression of BEST1 in MDCK cells revealed the presence of BEST1 transcript but no protein. Confocal microscopy and quantitative analyses indicate that transfected normal human Best1 displays a basolateral localization in MDCK cells, while cell sorting of several Best1 mutants (Y85H, Q96R, L100R, Y227N, Y227E) was altered. In contrast to constitutively active Y227E, constitutively inactive Y227F Best1 mutant localized basolaterally similar to the normal Best1 protein. Our data suggest that at least three basolateral sorting motifs might be implicated in proper Best1 basolateral localization. In addition, non-phosphorylated tyrosine 227 could play a role for basolateral delivery.

Whole-exome sequencing identifies mutations in GPR179 leading to autosomal-recessive complete congenital stationary night blindness.

Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is a heterogeneous retinal disorder characterized by visual impairment under low light conditions. This disorder is due to a signal transmission defect from rod photoreceptors to adjacent bipolar cells in the retina. Two forms can be distinguished clinically, complete CSNB (cCSNB) or incomplete CSNB; the two forms are distinguished on the basis of the affected signaling pathway. Mutations in NYX, GRM6, and TRPM1, expressed in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) lead to disruption of the ON-bipolar cell response and have been seen in patients with cCSNB. Whole-exome sequencing in cCSNB patients lacking mutations in the known genes led to the identification of a homozygous missense mutation (c.1807C>T [p.His603Tyr]) in one consanguineous autosomal-recessive cCSNB family and a homozygous frameshift mutation in GPR179 (c.278delC [p.Pro93Glnfs(∗)57]) in a simplex male cCSNB patient. Additional screening with Sanger sequencing of 40 patients identified three other cCSNB patients harboring additional allelic mutations in GPR179. Although, immunhistological studies revealed Gpr179 in the OPL in wild-type mouse retina, Gpr179 did not colocalize with specific ON-bipolar markers. Interestingly, Gpr179 was highly concentrated in horizontal cells and Müller cell endfeet. The involvement of these cells in cCSNB and the specific function of GPR179 remain to be elucidated.

Comparison of the activity levels and localization of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in normal and tumor human lung cells.

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) was studied in three human lung cells - P (fetal lung-derived cells), A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) and SK-MES-1 (squamous cell carcinoma) using a fluorescent cytochemical procedure developed on the basis of the substrate 4-(glycyl-L-prolyl hydrazido)-N-hexyl-1,8-naphthalimide. The observed differences in the enzyme expression were confirmed by measuring the enzyme hydrolysis of glycyl-L-prolyl-para-nitroanilide. The surface and total dipeptidyl peptidase activities of P cells were correspondingly 7-8 and 3-10 times higher than those of SK-MES-1 and A549 cells. The ratio surface per total activity showed that in P (95%) and A549 (93%) cells the enzyme is associated with the plasmalemma while in SK-MES-1 cells (35%) it is bound to intracellular membranes. In order to compare the results from cell cultures with those in human tumor, the enzyme activity was investigated in cryo-sections of three cases of diagnosed squamous lung carcinoma. DPPIV activity was restricted to the connective tissue stroma surrounding the DPPIV-negative tumor foci.

Prevalence and novelty of PRPF31 mutations in French autosomal dominant rod-cone dystrophy patients and a review of published reports.

BACKGROUND: Rod-cone dystrophies are heterogeneous group of inherited retinal disorders both clinically and genetically characterized by photoreceptor degeneration. The mode of inheritance can be autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked. The purpose of this study was to identify mutations in one of the genes, PRPF31, in French patients with autosomal dominant RP, to perform genotype-phenotype correlations of those patients, to determine the prevalence of PRPF31 mutations in this cohort and to review previously identified PRPF31 mutations from other cohorts. METHODS: Detailed phenotypic characterization was performed including precise family history, best corrected visual acuity using the ETDRS chart, slit lamp examination, kinetic and static perimetry, full field and multifocal ERG, fundus autofluorescence imaging and optic coherence tomography. For genetic diagnosis, genomic DNA of ninety families was isolated by standard methods. The coding exons and flanking intronic regions of PRPF31 were PCR amplified, purified and sequenced in the index patient. RESULTS: We showed for the first time that 6.7% cases of a French adRP cohort have a PRPF31 mutation. We identified in total six mutations, which were all novel and not detected in ethnically matched controls. The mutation spectrum from our cohort comprises frameshift and splice site mutations. Co-segregation analysis in available family members revealed that each index patient and all affected family members showed a heterozygous mutation. In five families incomplete penetrance was observed. Most patients showed classical signs of RP with relatively preserved central vision and visual field. CONCLUSION: Our studies extended the mutation spectrum of PRPF31 and as previously reported in other populations, it is a major cause of adRP in France.

An unusual retinal phenotype associated with a novel mutation in RHO.

OBJECTIVE: To report a new genetic variant in the rhodopsin gene (RHO) associated with an unusual autosomal dominant retinal phenotype. METHODS: Detailed phenotypic characterization was performed on affected family members spanning 4 generations, including family history, best-corrected visual acuity, fundus examination, kinetic and static perimetry, full-field and multifocal electroretinography, fundus autofluorescence, and optical coherence tomography. For genetic testing, coding exons and flanking intronic regions of RHO were amplified with the use of polymerase chain reaction, purified, and sequenced. Cosegregation and control analysis were performed by direct sequencing of exon 3. Subsequent in silico analysis of the mutational consequence on protein function was undertaken. RESULTS: The onset of symptoms appeared in the fourth decade of life in this family, with moderate night blindness and asymmetrical visual loss. Affected members showed patchy areas of chorioretinal atrophy with decreased electroretinographic response amplitudes for both scotopic and photopic responses but no implicit time shift, consistent with restricted disease. A novel mutation in exon 3 of RHO was identified and represents a c.620T>A transition leading to a p.Met207Lys substitution. It cosegregated with this phenotype and was not identified in a control population. CONCLUSIONS: We report the phenotype-genotype correlation of an unusual autosomal dominant, late-onset restricted chorioretinal degeneration cosegregating with a novel RHO mutation, p.Met207Lys. A p.Met207Arg substitution has previously been reported to cause a distinct, generalized early-onset rod-cone dystrophy. Clinical Relevance These data outline the phenotypic variability associated with RHO mutations. Depending on the localization and the amino acid substitution, patients may show congenital stationary night blindness, rod-cone dystrophy, sector retinitis pigmentosa, or localized chorioretinal atrophy.

EYS is a major gene for rod-cone dystrophies in France.

Autosomal-recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP) was recently associated with mutations in a novel gene EYS, spanning over 2 Mb, making it the largest known gene expressed in the human eye. The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence and nature of EYS mutations in a clinically well-characterized cohort of 239 sporadic and arRP French cases. Direct sequencing of EYS was performed in 186 subjects for whom known mutations had previously been excluded by applying microarray technology. We mostly identified novel mutations in EYS in a total of 29 patients: Fifteen of the mutations were predicted to create premature stop codons and two represent exonic deletions. In addition, twenty missense, silent or splice-site mutations were detected. Patients revealed homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations and in some cases, only a single mutation. Most patients showed classical signs of RP with relatively preserved central vision and visual field until late in the course of the disorder. One patient showed predominance of the disease in the inferior part of the retina suggesting potential phenotypic variability. With a prevalence of 12% or more we provide evidence that EYS is a major gene for RP in France and probably elsewhere.

Spectrum of rhodopsin mutations in French autosomal dominant rod-cone dystrophy patients.

UNLABELLED: PURPOSE. To identify the prevalence of rhodopsin (RHO) mutations in French patients with autosomal dominant rod-cone dystrophies (adRPs). Methods. Detailed phenotypic characterization was performed, including precise family history, best corrected visual acuity with the ETDRS chart, slit lamp examination, kinetic and static perimetry, full-field and multifocal electroretinography (ERG), fundus autofluorescence imaging (FAF), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). For genetic diagnosis, genomic DNA of 79 families was isolated by standard METHODS: The coding exons and flanking intronic regions of RHO were PCR amplified, purified, and sequenced in the index patient. RESULTS. Of this French adRP sample, 16.5% carried an RHO mutation. Three different families showed a novel mutation (p. Leu88Pro, p.Met207Lys and p.Gln344Pro), while ten unrelated families showed recurrent, previously published mutations (p.Asn15Ser, p.Leu131Pro, p.Arg135Trp, p.Ser334GlyfsX21 and p.Pro347Leu). All mutations co-segregated with the phenotype within a family, and the novel mutations were not identified in control samples. CONCLUSIONS. This study revealed that the prevalence of RHO mutations in French adRP patients is in accordance with that in other studies from Europe. Most of the changes identified herein reflect recurrent mutations, within which p.Pro347Leu substitution is the most prevalent. Nevertheless, almost one fourth of the changes are novel, indicating that, although RHO is the first gene implicated and probably the most studied gene in RP, it is still important performing mutation analysis in RHO to detect novel changes. The detailed phenotype-genotype analyses in all available family members deliver the basis for therapeutic approaches in those families.