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1.
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol ; 39(2): 969-73, 2015 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25818110

ABSTRACT

In this study we analyzed and characterized 29 psychoactive remedies, illicit drugs and their metabolites in single stages of wastewater treatment plants in the capital city of Slovakia. Psychoactive compounds were present within all stages, and tramadol was detected at a very high concentration (706 ng/L). Significant decreases of codeine, THC-COOH, cocaine and buprenorphine concentration were observed in the biological stage. Consequently, we were interested in the possibility of alternative tertiary post-treatment of effluent water with the following aquatic plants: Cabomba caroliniana, Limnophila sessiliflora, Egeria najas and Iris pseudacorus. The most effective plant for tertiary cleansing was I. pseudacorus which demonstrated the best pharmaceutical removal capacity. After 48 h codeine and citalopram was removed with 87% efficiency. After 96 h were all analyzed compounds were eliminated with efficiencies above 58%.


Subject(s)
Illicit Drugs/analysis , Psychotropic Drugs/analysis , Wastewater/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Biodegradation, Environmental , Environmental Monitoring , Illicit Drugs/metabolism , Plants/metabolism , Psychotropic Drugs/metabolism , Waste Disposal, Fluid , Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism
2.
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol ; 39(2): 483-8, 2015 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25680092

ABSTRACT

We analyzed 13 psychoactive pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs and their metabolites in wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent and the possibility of their degradation by biological and chemical processes. Tramadol (413-853 ng/L) and methamphetamine (460-682 ng/L) were the most concentrated compounds in the wastewater in winter and summer, respectively. A significant decrease in the concentration of tramadol in wastewater was measured during the summer. The lowest efficiency was observed for tramadol, venlafaxine, citalopram and oxazepam (∼ 10%) and the highest efficiency was observed for amphetamine and THC-COOH (∼ 80%). The efficiency of compound degradation via the Fenton reaction, a modified Fenton reaction and different degradation (by algae, wood-rotting fungi and enzymes at influent versus effluent) was determined. The Fenton reaction and its modification were efficient at eliminating these substances in comparison with the tested biological processes.


Subject(s)
Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry , Pharmaceutical Preparations/metabolism , Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism , Water Purification/methods , Adsorption , Chlorella/chemistry , Chlorella/metabolism , Enzymes/chemistry , Ferric Compounds/chemistry , Hydrogen Peroxide/chemistry , Pharmaceutical Preparations/analysis , Pleurotus/chemistry , Pleurotus/metabolism , Sulfuric Acids/chemistry , Wastewater/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
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