ABSTRACT
El herpes zóster es una erupción cutánea dolorosa que resulta de la reactivación del virus varicela zóster latente en los ganglios de las raíces dorsales o pares craneales. En este artículo se hace una revisión actualizada del tratamiento farmacológico y la prevención del dolor secundario a la infección por el virus. La forma más efectiva para prevenir la neuralgia postherpética y sus consecuencias es la propia prevención del herpes. Desde hace varios años disponemos de una vacuna de virus vivos atenuados (cepa Oka virus varicela zóster) autorizada en adultos de 50 o más años de edad; esta vacuna ha demostrado su eficacia contra el herpes zóster y la neuralgia postherpética; sin embargo su eficacia decrece con la edad y está contraindicada en pacientes con algún tipo de inmunosupresión. Hoy en día existen vacunas recombinantes que son una alternativa y pueden administrarse a personas inmunocomprometidas (AU)
Shingles is a painful rash that results from reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus in the dorsal root ganglia or cranial nerves. In this article an update is presented on the prevention and pharmacological treatment of the secondary pain from the virus infection. The most effective way to prevent post-herpetic neuralgia and its consequences is the prevention of herpes itself. A live attenuated vaccine (the Oka strain varicella zoster virus) has been available for several years, and is approved in adults aged 50 years old. Although this vaccine has shown to be effective against herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia, its effectiveness decreases with age and is contraindicated in patients with some form of immunosuppression. Today the recombinant vaccines provide an alternative, and may be administered to immunocompromised persons (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Middle Aged , Herpes Zoster/prevention & control , Herpes Zoster/therapy , Pain Management , Chronic Pain/drug therapy , Neuralgia, Postherpetic/drug therapy , Herpes Zoster Vaccine/administration & dosage , Herpes Zoster/complications , Herpes Zoster/physiopathology , Immunocompetence , Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use , Methadone/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Shingles is a painful rash that results from reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus in the dorsal root ganglia or cranial nerves. In this article an update is presented on the prevention and pharmacological treatment of the secondary pain from the virus infection. The most effective way to prevent post-herpetic neuralgia and its consequences is the prevention of herpes itself. A live attenuated vaccine (the Oka strain varicella zoster virus) has been available for several years, and is approved in adults aged 50 years old. Although this vaccine has shown to be effective against herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia, its effectiveness decreases with age and is contraindicated in patients with some form of immunosuppression. Today the recombinant vaccines provide an alternative, and may be administered to immunocompromised persons.
Subject(s)
Herpes Zoster Vaccine/administration & dosage , Herpes Zoster/complications , Neuralgia, Postherpetic/prevention & control , Age Factors , Herpes Zoster/prevention & control , Humans , Immunocompromised Host , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Seed sterility and grain discoloration limit rice production in Colombia and several Central American countries. In samples of discolored rice seed grown in Colombian fields, the species Burkholderia glumae and B. gladioli were isolated, and field isolates were compared phenotypically. An artificial inoculation assay was used to determine that, although both bacterial species cause symptoms on rice grains, B. glumae is a more aggressive pathogen, causing yield reduction and higher levels of grain sterility. To identify putative virulence genes differing between B. glumae and B. gladioli, four previously sequenced genomes of Asian and U.S. strains of the two pathogens were compared with each other and with two draft genomes of Colombian B. glumae and B. gladioli isolates generated for this study. Whereas previously characterized Burkholderia virulence factors are highly conserved between the two species, B. glumae and B. gladioli strains are predicted to encode distinct groups of genes encoding type VI secretion systems, transcriptional regulators, and membrane-sensing proteins. This study shows that both B. glumae and B. gladioli can threaten grain quality, although only one species affects yield. Furthermore, genotypic differences between the two strains are identified that could contribute to disease phenotypic differences.
Subject(s)
Burkholderia/genetics , Genome, Bacterial/genetics , Oryza/microbiology , Plant Diseases/microbiology , Base Sequence , Burkholderia/isolation & purification , Burkholderia/pathogenicity , Burkholderia gladioli/genetics , Burkholderia gladioli/pathogenicity , DNA, Bacterial/chemistry , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry , DNA, Ribosomal/genetics , Molecular Sequence Annotation , Molecular Sequence Data , Oryza/growth & development , Phylogeny , Pigments, Biological/metabolism , Seeds/microbiology , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
Back pain and/or gluteal region pain is a frequent complaint in primary care and often is difficult to determine their origin. When a patient consults us for this reason we tend to direct the focus to the study of bone and nerve structures, without considering that in a large number of cases the myofascial system is involved. In a study with 250 patients in order to determine the prevalence of tendinosis and tear of the gluteus medius or minimus muscles, was found by MRI that 14% of patients who went to the doctor for pain in the buttock, hip or groin had this type of injury in any of the muscles mentioned (1). In these cases a diagnosis and early treatment with injections is essential to prevent progression to persistent pain and decreased muscle function.
Subject(s)
Buttocks , Muscular Diseases/diagnosis , Muscular Diseases/therapy , Humans , SyndromeABSTRACT
El dolor de espalda y/o región glútea es un motivo de consulta frecuente en atención primaria y en muchas ocasiones resulta difícil precisar su origen. Cuando un paciente consulta por este motivo solemos dirigir el foco de atención hacia el estudio de las estructuras óseas y nerviosas, sin tener en cuenta que en un gran número de casos está implicado el sistema miofascial. En un estudio realizado en 250 pacientes con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de tendinosis y roturas del glúteo medio o menor, se comprobó por medio de RM que el 14% de los pacientes que acudían al médico por dolor en la nalga, cadera o ingle presentaban este tipo de lesión en alguno de los músculos mencionados. En estos casos un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz con infiltraciones es fundamental para evitar la progresión a un dolor persistente y disminución de la función muscular (AU)
Back pain and/or gluteal region pain is a frequent complaint in primary care and often is difficult to determine their origin. When a patient consults us for this reason we tend to direct the focus to the study of bone and nerve structures, without considering that in a large number of cases the myofascial system is involved. In a study with 250 patients in order to determine the prevalence of tendinosis and tear of the gluteus medius or minimus muscles, was found by MRI that 14% of patients who went to the doctor for pain in the buttock, hip or groin had this type of injury in any of the muscles mentioned (1). In these cases a diagnosis and early treatment with injections is essential to prevent progression to persistent pain and decreased muscle function (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Low Back Pain/complications , Low Back Pain/diagnosis , Low Back Pain/therapy , Myofascial Pain Syndromes/complications , Myofascial Pain Syndromes/diagnosis , Anesthetics, Local/therapeutic use , Early Diagnosis , Myofascial Pain Syndromes/drug therapy , Pelvis/pathology , Pelvis , Diagnosis, Differential , Piriformis Muscle Syndrome/diagnosis , Piriformis Muscle Syndrome/drug therapy , Trigger Points/pathology , Trigger PointsABSTRACT
El ziconotide, péptido sintético análogo de la O-conotoxina de un caracol marino, ha sido introducido recientemente como un fármaco para el tratamiento del dolor rebelde a opioides. Consigue su efecto terapéutico a través de un bloqueo selectivo de los canales de calcio (Ca) tipo N dependientes de voltaje, por medio del cual reduce la liberación de neurotransmisores pronociceptivos en el asta posterior de la médula espinal, inhibiendo, de esta manera, la transmisión del impulso doloroso. Una de sus ventajas es la de no provocar tolerancia, e incluso en caso necesario, podría ser administrado conjuntamente con morfina, potenciándose la acción de ambos fármacos (AU)
The ziconotide is structurally the synthetic peptide analogue of the V-conotoxin Conus magus, a marine snail. It has recently been introduced as a drug for the treatment of pain unresponsive to opioids. Achieves its therapeutic effect via a potent selective blockade of voltage sensitive calcium channels, which in turn reduces the release of neurotransmitters pronociceptivos in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord by this action inhibits the transmission of painful stimulus.Among its advantages is to not cause tolerance. In addition, if necessary, could be co-administered with morphine, producing a synergistic effect on its action on pain (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Mollusk Venoms/therapeutic use , Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacokinetics , Pain/drug therapy , Pain Management/methods , Calcium Channels, N-TypeABSTRACT
Aquifer restoration in the United States is recognized as a technically challenging objective when dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) are present (1). In fact, only a few aquifers impacted by DNAPLs have been restored. Factors that have typically contributed to the lack of successful aquifer restoration include the chemical properties of the DNAPL, the physical properties of the aquifer, the absence of cost-effective technologies, and an incomplete or inaccurate development of a conceptual hydrogeological model for the site. In Latin America, environmental studies historically have been related to biological quality of surface water and groundwater. Recently, the U.S. and Canada have experienced an increased influx of foreign students and professionals interested in studying specialized courses in environmental engineering, or participating in conferences. This exposure to current topics has strengthened the awareness of these professionals regarding groundwater contamination from gasoline-derived compounds and chlorinated solvents. As a result of this increased awareness, Latin American hydrogeologists and environmental regulators have been able to recognize the potential problems that could result from DNAPL spills that may impact groundwater and have learned to approach them using locally available technology and resources. A case study of such an example is presented below.
Subject(s)
Ethylene Dichlorides/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Water Pollution, Chemical/prevention & control , Water Purification/methods , Brazil , Environmental Monitoring/standards , Geological Phenomena , Geology , Water MovementsABSTRACT
Millions of dollars are spent in the United States each year to design, construct, and operate systems intended to remediate groundwater impacted by dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), such as trichloroethlene (TCE) and tetrachloroethene (PCE), or light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs), such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. However, several recent studies suggest that many of these groundwater remediation systems may operate for decades without restoring groundwater to background conditions. This paper examines the potential economic impacts of continuing the current regulatory approach to remediation of NAPL-contaminated aquifers versus considering regionally contaminated aquifers as large storage basins instead of pristine resources. Treating water at the point of extraction when needed, provides an equivalent benefit and may be more practical and cost effective than attempting to restore aquifers to background conditions at the point of contamination.
Subject(s)
Water Pollution, Chemical/prevention & control , Water Supply/standards , Costs and Cost Analysis , Petroleum , Water Movements , Water Pollutants, ChemicalABSTRACT
El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue realizar un análisis comparativo de la eficacia analgésica postoperatoria de tres fármacos: Tramadol, Ketorolaco y Metamizol, empleando la técnica de PCA más infusión contínua en pacientes sometidos a cirugía de abdomen superior. Para ello sometimos a 100 pacientes divididos en tres grupos: Tramadol (32); Ketorolaco (37) y Metamizol (31), a un estudio aleatorizado y a doble ciego donde analizamos distintas variables: valoración del dolor en la Escala Verbal Compuesta (EVC), y en la escala Analógica Visual (EAV), estado de Sedación, variables hemodinámicas, respiratorias y endocrino-metabólicas, así como los posibles efectos secundarios.Material y métodos: El dolor postoperatorio puede producir modificaciones a distintos niveles pudiendo éstas ayudarnos a valorar de una manera más objetiva el dolor. Nosotros hemos estudiado estos cambios a nivel respiratorio, hemodinámico y endocrinometabólico para, así, ayudarnos a determinar conjuntamente, con la Escala Verbal Compuesta (EVC), cual es el fármaco que presenta mejor comportamiento analgésico en el postoperatorio de estos pacientes.Resultados: Los resultados del estudio demuestran que la eficacia analgésica de Tramadol es superior a la de Ketorolaco y Metamizol tanto en la valoración del dolor en la Escala Ve r bal Compuesta (EVC) como en el número de abandonos por falta de analgesia.Conclusiones: No encontramos diferencias valorables en el resto de variables analizadas como sedación, parámetros de función respiratoria, hemodinámicos, endocrino-metabólicos ni tampoco en el apartado de los efectos secundarios (AU)
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Male , Middle Aged , Humans , Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy , Tramadol/pharmacology , Dipyrone/pharmacology , Ketorolac/pharmacology , Tramadol/administration & dosage , Dipyrone/administration & dosage , Abdomen/surgery , Pain Measurement , Clinical Evolution , Ketorolac/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Cassava bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis, is of significant concern wherever cassava is grown. The movement of infected, asymptomatic stems is a major means of pathogen dispersal. A reliable and sensitive diagnostic procedure is necessary for the safe movement of cassava planting material. We used a cloned and sequenced pathogenicity gene of X. axonopodis pv. manihotis to develop a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for this pathogen. A set of primers directed the amplification of an 898-bp fragment in all 107 pathogenic strains of X. axonopodis pv. manihotis tested. PCR products were not observed when genomic DNA was tested for 27 strains of other xanthomonads, for saprophytic bacteria, or for five nonpathogenic strains of X. axonopodis pv. manihotis. The primers worked well for pathogen detection in direct PCR assays of X. axonopodis pv. manihotis colonies grown on liquid medium and in PCR assays of extracts from leaf and stem lesions. The minimum number of cells that could be detected from cassava stem and leaf lesions was 3 × 102 to 104 CFU/ml. The PCR assays proved to be relativyel sensitive and could become very useful in detecting the pathogen in cassava planting material.
Subject(s)
Diet , Feeding Behavior , Food , Nerve Degeneration , Dietary Fats , Energy Intake , Humans , Neoplasms , Public HealthABSTRACT
A case of emphysematous pyelonephritis in a women with diabetes mellitus who previously underwent total pelvic exenteration is presented. The emergency nature of this syndrome and its therapy are discussed.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Emphysema/etiology , Pelvic Exenteration , Pyelonephritis/etiology , Combined Modality Therapy , Emphysema/diagnostic imaging , Emphysema/surgery , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Pyelonephritis/diagnostic imaging , Pyelonephritis/surgery , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
We compared the contraction of round, square, and triangular abdominal stomas of isolated ileal segments. Twelve stomas of each of these three different shapes were observed in six dogs for periods ranging from 1 to 4 months. Our observations indicate that the square shaped enterocutaneous stoma is preferable to the more conventional circular one. The square shape provides the longest perimeter for a given surface area with minimum contraction, whereas the circle has the shortest perimeter and results in maximum contraction.
