ABSTRACT
Pigeon's flocks have shown several neurological symptoms including circling, torticollis, tremors, paralysis, which caused suspicion for viral or bacterial natural infections. Pigeon paramyxovirus type-1 (PPMV-1) is a notifiable disease-causing high morbidity and mortality with severe nervous symptoms. Clinical represented tissue specimens were collected from 50 infected pigeon flocks in eight governorates. All samples were examined bacteriologically (isolation, identification and serotyping) for E. coli, Salmonella spp., S. aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was accomplished for all isolates using a disk-diffusion test. For viral identification, RT-PCR specific oligonucleotide primers were used for distinguishing of Avian influenza virus, PPMV-1 and PPMV-3. Neurological manifestations were observed in pigeon's flocks mainly in winter and autumn. The mortality rate in eight governorates was about 50% in 10 flocks and other houses mortality rate was ranged from 10 to 20%. Post mortem examination have shown hemorrhagic enteritis, soft and friable brain tissues and/or hemorrhages. The percentage of isolated bacteria E. coli, Salmonella spp., S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 75%, 75%, 50% and 18.75%; respectively. The antibiotic resistance pattern for bacterial isolates showed resist to ampicillin, amoxicillin- clavulinic acid, teteracyclin, ceftriaxone, doxycycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and ceftazidine with different result for each type of bacteria, while Salmonella spp., isolates showed only a highly intermediate result for ciprofloxacin. Eight samples are positive with 16% to PPMV-1. Also, sample No.5,6,9 was co-infected with different types of bacterial isolates in addition to NDV. In conclusion, we reported several neurological symptoms in pigeon's flocks mainly of bacterial infections (E. coli, Salmonella spp., S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
ABSTRACT
This work aimed to co-digest various wastes to assess the best combination of all mixing ratio, also at choosing the best ratio between untreated primary sludge (UPS) singly from two sources, (South valley University (SUPS) and Abu tesht wastewater station (AUPS) and raw chicken manure (RCM) and comparing the results in either case. The co-digestions of untreated primary sludge from Abu tesht wastewater treatment stations with different levels of raw chicken manure (0:100, 10:90, 30:70, 50:50, 90:10, and 100:0) to obtain the best mixtures. Also, co-digestion of untreated primary sludge from south valley university with different levels of raw chicken manure at the same ratios, to obtain the best mixtures. Batch digestion tests were applied in 2.5 L digester with a working volume of 2.0 L. The samples in triplicates were separately loaded into the digesters locally fabricated and kept for 20 days as a retention period and diluted with the same amount of water. Mesophilic under 35 °C was adopted for untreated primary sludge as well as mixtures with raw chicken manure based on total solids (TS) and volatile solid (VS) proportions. The average biogas yields from AUPS/RCM mixture obtained ranged from 8570 to 5600 ml, by the following descending order, 10: 90 > 90:10 and so on >100:0, and the average biogas yields from SUPS/RCM obtained ranged from 6330 to 5635 ml, in the order of 90: 10 > 10:90 and so on >100:0. The results showed highest biogas yield from AUPS/RCM and SUPS/RCM mixtures with mixing ratio of 10:90 and 90:10, respectively, however, the lowest biogas production detected in separate digestion of AUPS and SUPS. The results indicated that co-digestion between the sludge and raw chicken manure could increase total biogas production volume, enhance sludge treatment process, and produce eco-friendly sludge because of co-digestion process than separate processing of each feedstock.
