ABSTRACT
Copper (Cu) pollution of agricultural land is a major threat to crop production. Exogenous chemical treatment is an easily accessible and rapid approach to remediate metal toxicity, including Cu toxicity in plants. We compared the effects of ascobin (ASC; ascorbic acid:citric acid at 2:1) and glutathione (GSH) in mitigation of Cu toxicity in rice. Plants subjected to Cu stress displayed growth inhibition and biomass reduction, which were connected to reduced levels of chlorophylls, RWC, total phenolic compounds, carotenoids and Mg2+ . Increased accumulation of ROS and malondialdehyde indicated oxidative stress in Cu-stressed plants. However, application of ASC or GSH minimized the inhibitory effects of Cu stress on rice plants by restricting Cu2+ uptake and improving mineral balance, chlorophyll content and RWC. Both ASC and GSH pretreatments reduced levels of ROS and malondialdehyde and improved activities of antioxidant enzymes, suggesting their roles in alleviating oxidative damage. A comparison on the effects of ASC and GSH under Cu stress revealed that ASC was more effective in restricting Cu2+ accumulation (69.5% by ASC and 57.1% by GSH), Ca2+ and Mg2+ homeostasis, protection of photosynthetic pigments and activation of antioxidant defence mechanisms [catalase (110.4%), ascorbate peroxidase (76.5%) and guaiacol peroxidase (39.0%) by ASC, and catalase (58.9%) and ascorbate peroxidase (59.9%) by GSH] in rice than GSH, eventually resulting in better protection of ASC-pretreated plants against Cu stress. In conclusion, although ASC and GSH differed in induction of stress protective mechanisms, both were effective in improving rice performance in response to Cu phytotoxicity.
Subject(s)
Glutathione , Oryza , Antioxidants , Copper/toxicity , Glutathione/metabolism , Homeostasis , Hydrogen Peroxide , Oryza/metabolism , Oxidative Stress , Seedlings/metabolismABSTRACT
Subject(s)
Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Poverty/statistics & numerical data , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects , Adolescent , Adult , Bangladesh/epidemiology , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Environmental Exposure/economics , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Mothers/statistics & numerical data , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Self Report , Socioeconomic Factors , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/economics , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine socio-economic disparities in mother-child pairs' self-reported and cotinine-measured secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure at home. STUDY DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional study. METHODS: This study was conducted in the Rajshahi district of Bangladesh from May to July 2017. A total of 541 mother-child pairs were interviewed for self-reported measured SHS; cotinine-measured saliva test was performed on 263 mothers and 236 children. Mother-child pairs' SHS exposure at home was the outcome of interest. RESULTS: Overall self-reported prevalence of SHS exposure at home was 49.0%. Self-reported SHS exposure among mothers (50.2%) and children (51.3%) were lower than the prevalence rate of cotinine-measured exposure for mothers (60.5%) and their children (58.9%). Maternal rich bands of wealth were found to be associated with lower likelihood of self-reported (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.35-0.99) and cotinine-measured SHS exposure among mothers (AOR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.08-0.37). Maternal rich bands of wealth were also found to be associated with lower likelihood of cotinine-measured SHS exposure among children (AOR = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.07-0.26). CONCLUSIONS: Socio-economic inequalities exist in exposure to SHS at home. Interventional approaches aimed at reducing SHS at home are urgently needed at public health and healthcare service level, with special focus given to the socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.
Subject(s)
Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Health Status Disparities , Housing , Mothers/statistics & numerical data , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Bangladesh , Child, Preschool , Cotinine/analysis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Female , Humans , Infant , Middle Aged , Saliva/chemistry , Self Report , Socioeconomic Factors , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis , Young AdultABSTRACT
The degree of binding of a drug to plasma proteins has a marked effect on its distribution, elimination, and pharmacological effect since only the unbound fraction is available for distribution into extra-vascular space. The protein-binding of atenolol was measured by equilibrium dialysis in the bovine serum albumin (BSA). Free atenolol concentration was increased due to addition of arsenic which reduced the binding of the compounds to BSA. During concurrent administration, arsenic displaced atenolol from its high-affinity binding Site I, and free concentration of atenolol increased from 4.286 +/- 0.629% and 5.953 +/- 0.605% to 82.153 +/- 1.924% and 85.486 +/- 1.158% in absence and presence of Site I probe respectively. Thus, it can be suggested that arsenic displaced atenolol from its binding site resulting in an increase of the free atenolol concentration in plasma.
Subject(s)
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/chemistry , Arsenic/chemistry , Atenolol/chemistry , Serum Albumin/chemistry , Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacokinetics , Animals , Arsenic/pharmacokinetics , Atenolol/pharmacokinetics , Binding Sites , Binding, Competitive , Biological Availability , Cattle , Drug Interactions , Humans , Serum Albumin/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
Aminopyrine accumulation in suspensions of isolated gastric glands was used to determine the effect of Ostertagia ostertagi secretions and putative secretagogues and inhibitors on abomasal parietal cells. Parasite secretions did not affect acid production nor did histamine. Dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and pentagastrin significantly increased aminopyrine accumulation by gastric glands and cimetidine, omeprazole and thiocyanate significantly decreased aminopyrine accumulation confirming their roles as stimulators and inhibitors of gastric acid production, respectively.
Subject(s)
Abomasum/cytology , Aminopyrine/metabolism , Gastric Mucosa/cytology , Ostertagia/metabolism , Abomasum/drug effects , Animals , Bucladesine/pharmacology , Cattle , Cell Survival , Cells, Cultured , Cimetidine/pharmacology , Gastric Mucosa/drug effects , Omeprazole/pharmacology , Pentagastrin/pharmacology , Thiocyanates/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Pepsinogen isolated from the plasma of Dorset wethers with abomasal burdens of Ostertagia circumcincta was found to have the same proportions of three zymogen subtypes as that isolated from the plasma of Merino wethers with abomasal burdens of Haemonchus contortus. It appears that the underlying pathophysiological response which causes increased plasma pepsinogen concentrations during abomasal parasitism may be the same irrespective of the breed of sheep or species of parasite.
Subject(s)
Haemonchiasis/veterinary , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary , Ostertagiasis/veterinary , Pepsinogens/blood , Sheep Diseases/blood , Trichostrongyloidiasis/veterinary , Abomasum/parasitology , Animals , Chromatography, Gel , Chromatography, Liquid , Feces/parasitology , Haemonchiasis/blood , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/blood , Male , Ostertagiasis/blood , Parasite Egg Count/veterinary , SheepABSTRACT
Different types and subtypes of pepsinogen extracted from bovine, ovine and caprine abomasa were found to differ according to their phosphate content and relative molecular mass (Mr). Bovine pepsinogens had organic phosphate contents ranging from 1.65 to 2.22 mol of phosphate mol-1 of pepsinogen. Ovine pepsinogens were in the range 1.50 to 2.36 and caprine pepsinogens were in the range 1.42 to 2.00. The major types of pepsinogen from each species were different in size. Bovine pepsinogen had an Mr of 39,000, ovine had an Mr of 43,000 and caprine pepsinogen had an Mr of 42,000.
Subject(s)
Abomasum/analysis , Cattle/metabolism , Goats/metabolism , Pepsinogens/analysis , Sheep/metabolism , Abomasum/metabolism , Animals , Chromatography, Gel , Chromatography, Ion Exchange , Chromatography, Liquid , Electrophoresis, Agar Gel , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Molecular Weight , Pepsinogens/isolation & purification , Pepsinogens/metabolism , Phosphates/analysisABSTRACT
Carbachol and secretions from Ostertagia species parasites significantly (P less than 0.001) stimulated isolated preparations of dispersed gastric glands from bovine and ovine abomasal mucosa to secrete pepsinogen. Atropine reduced the response to both secretagogues. Live adult and larval stages of Ostertagia ostertagi and O circumcincta and homogenates of these parasites did not significantly (P greater than 0.05) increase pepsinogen production from bovine or ovine gland preparations.
Subject(s)
Abomasum/metabolism , Cattle/metabolism , Ostertagia/metabolism , Pepsinogens/metabolism , Sheep/metabolism , Abomasum/drug effects , Animals , Atropine/pharmacology , Carbachol/pharmacology , Cell Survival , Cells, Cultured , Helminth Proteins/analysis , Ostertagia/analysis , Ostertagiasis/metabolismABSTRACT
The antimuscarinic drug atropine caused a marked fall in plasma pepsinogen values of sheep with burdens of Ostertagia circumcincta and this response was greater in animals which had higher plasma pepsinogen values before administration of the drug. The response was shown to occur whether the elevated plasma pepsinogen values were a consequence of a larval infection in previously naive or exposed animals or of adult parasites directly transplanted into the abomasum of naive lambs.