Epicardial Adipose Tissue: A Precise Biomarker for Cardiovascular Risk, Metabolic Diseases, and Target for Therapeutic Interventions.

Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is located between the heart muscle and visceral pericardium, where it has direct contact with coronary blood vessels. Elevated thickness of this tissue can induce local inflammation affecting the myocardium and the underlying coronary arteries, contributing to various cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Recent studies have identified EAT thickness as a simple and reliable biomarker for certain cardiovascular outcomes. Examples include the presence of atherosclerosis, incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the prevalence of atrial fibrillation. Furthermore, EAT measurements can help to identify patients with a higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Since the EAT thickness can be easily measured using echocardiography, such examinations could serve as a useful and cost-effective preventive tool for assessing cardiovascular health. This review also summarizes therapeutical interventions aimed at reducing EAT. Reducing EAT thickness has been shown to be possible through pharmacological, surgical, or lifestyle-change interventions. Pharmaceutical therapies, including thiazolidinediones, glucagon-like peptide 1-receptor agonists, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, and statins, have been shown to influence EAT thickness. Additionally, EAT thickness can also be managed more invasively through bariatric surgery, or noninvasively through lifestyle changes to diet and exercise routines.

Does gut microbiota affect the success of weight loss? Evidence and speculation.

Obesity is a chronic state of excessive fat accumulation in the body, characterized by significant relapse and complicated by a range of health consequences. In the treatment of obesity, a holistic approach including diet, physical activity, pharmacotherapy, bariatric surgery, and psychological support is recommended. The implications of gut microbiota (GM) as a pathogenic factor in excess body weight have been discussed, and microbial-targeted therapies-including probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics-are considered adjuvant in obesity management. Many studies have focused on assessing the effectiveness of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics in weight control, although with inconclusive results, mainly because of the significant heterogeneity of the studies (with different strains, doses, forms, interventional durations, and outcomes). It is also unclear whether using probiotics or synbiotics accompanied by weight loss dietary interventions or as a part of bariatric surgery will be more effective in obesity management, not only in the short-term but also for long-term weight loss maintenance. The aim of this study was to collect and compare the available scientific data on the effectiveness of probiotic or synbiotic supplementation (as a single therapy versus as part of dietary interventions, pharmacotherapy, or bariatric therapy) on weight control in obesity.

The Preventive Mechanisms of Bioactive Food Compounds against Obesity-Induced Inflammation.

Dietary patterns are promising strategies for preventing and treating obesity and its coexisting inflammatory processes. Bioactive food compounds have received considerable attention due to their actions against obesity-induced inflammation, with limited harmful side effects. They are perceived as food ingredients or dietary supplements other than those necessary to meet basic human nutritional needs and are responsible for positive changes in the state of health. These include polyphenols, unsaturated fatty acids, and probiotics. Although the exact mechanisms of bioactive food compounds' action are still poorly understood, studies have indicated that they involve the modulation of the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and hormones; regulate gene expression in adipose tissue; and modify the signaling pathways responsible for the inflammatory response. Targeting the consumption and/or supplementation of foods with anti-inflammatory potential may represent a new approach to obesity-induced inflammation treatment. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to evaluate strategies for bioactive food compound intake, especially times and doses. Moreover, worldwide education about the advantages of bioactive food compound consumption is warranted to limit the consequences of unhealthy dietary patterns. This work presents a review and synthesis of recent data on the preventive mechanisms of bioactive food compounds in the context of obesity-induced inflammation.

Patient­centered care and "people-first language" as tools to prevent stigmatization of patients with obesity.

Obesity is a global health problem with serious consequences, such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, infertility, and certain cancers. Excess body weight, mainly due to its manifestation in an individual's appearance, also affects the psychological condition. Therefore, health care providers need to make an effort to diagnose and comprehensively treat obesity. The obesity treatment should be systemic and carried out by a multidisciplinary therapeutic team consisting of a doctor, nurse, dietitian, psychologist or physiotherapist, and surgeon. The first-line therapy of obesity includes lifestyle modification and increased physical activity. Pharmacological treatment is recommended in all adult patients with a body mass index (BMI) exceeding 30 kg/m2 or those with a BMI greater than or equal to 27 kg/m2 with at least 1 obesity­related comorbidity. Bariatric surgery should be considered in adults with a BMI of 40 kg/m2 or greater, or those with a BMI greater than or equal to 35 kg/m2 with at least 1 obesity­related disease. The holistic model of obesity treatment also includes psychological therapy. The European Association for the Study of Obesity recommends psychological assistance for all individuals with previous treatment failure. Adverse or harmful actions toward people with obesity, ascribing negative traits and behaviors to them, and their marginalization in the public space are referred to as stigmatization of obesity. This phenomenon is associated with reduced compassion and willingness to help, and a feeling of dislike or even anger toward this group of patients. The consequences of stigmatization are worse mental health, poorer physical health, avoidance of health care, and the maintenance or increase of excess body weight. Therefore, talking about obesity using the principles of "people-first language," as well as implementing a patient­centered care model are important.

Probiotics in the Prevention and Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM): A Review.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)is one of the most common perinatal pathologies, with a prevalence of 5-20% depending on the population or diagnostic standards. It is diagnosed when glucose intolerance is first detected during pregnancy. In the pathogenesis of GDM, genetic, environmental, and pregnancy-related factors (excessive fat storage and increased adipokine and cytokine secretion) play important roles. A growing amount of scientific data has indicated the role of gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis in the development of glucose intolerance during pregnancy. Previous studies have indicated that, in comparison to healthy pregnant women, GDM individuals have a greater abundance of bacteria belonging to the genera Ruminococcus, Eubacterium, and Prevotella and a lower number of bacteria belonging to the genera Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Roseburia, Dialister, and Akkermansia. Recently, many studies have focused on treating GDM with methods targeting GM. Several previous studies have analyzed the effect of probiotics on the course of GDM, but their data are inconclusive. In view of this state, the aim of the study was to collect and comprehensively discuss current knowledge regarding the role of probiotic supplementation in preventing and treating GDM. According to the analyzed data, probiotics have a positive influence on glycemic control and are a promising tool for lowering the frequency of GDM. However, further studies must be conducted to determine the optimal model of probiotic therapy (strain, dose, time of intervention, etc.) in pregnant women with GDM.

Berberine in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-A Review.

The incidence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) has been rapidly increasing during the last decade. It is a relevant health problem that affects 25% of the general population. NAFLD involves an extensive array of clinical conditions. So far, no approved pharmacological therapy for NAFLD has been developed. Multiple bioactive compounds have been proposed to treat NAFLD. One of the most promising is Berberine (BBR). Its pleiotropic effect positively impacts various cardiometabolic aspects. In this review, we summarize NAFLD, its metabolic and cardiovascular complications, the hepatoprotective effects of BBR due to its broad spectrum of pharmacological effects, and the potential role of BBR in NAFLD therapy. BBR ameliorates NAFLD by affecting numerous abnormalities. It inhibits lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis, improves insulin resistance and lipid profile, and modulates gut microbiota. The exact mechanism underlying these effects is not yet entirely explained. A growing amount of evidence confirming the positive effects of BBR on multiple metabolic pathways, such as lipids and glucose metabolism, energy homeostasis, or gut microbiota modulation, allows us to speculate about the importance of this natural bioactive substance for NAFLD therapy.

The Role of Magnesium in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Disorders.

Magnesium (Mg) is an essential nutrient for maintaining vital physiological functions. It is involved in many fundamental processes, and Mg deficiency is often correlated with negative health outcomes. On the one hand, most western civilizations consume less than the recommended daily allowance of Mg. On the other hand, a growing body of evidence has indicated that chronic hypomagnesemia may be implicated in the pathogenesis of various metabolic disorders such as overweight and obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (HTN), changes in lipid metabolism, and low-grade inflammation. High Mg intake with diet and/or supplementation seems to prevent chronic metabolic complications. The protective action of Mg may include limiting the adipose tissue accumulation, improving glucose and insulin metabolism, enhancing endothelium-dependent vasodilation, normalizing lipid profile, and attenuating inflammatory processes. Thus, it currently seems that Mg plays an important role in developing metabolic disorders associated with obesity, although more randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating Mg supplementation strategies are needed. This work represents a review and synthesis of recent data on the role of Mg in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders.

The Effect of Artificial Sweeteners Use on Sweet Taste Perception and Weight Loss Efficacy: A Review.

Excessive consumption of sugar-rich foods is currently one of the most important factors that has led to the development of the global pandemic of obesity. On the other hand, there is evidence that obesity contributes to reduced sensitivity to sweet taste and hormonal changes affecting appetite, leading to an increased craving for sweets. A high intake of sugars increases the caloric value of the diet and, consequently, leads to weight gain. Moreover, attention is drawn to the concept of the addictive properties of sugar and sugary foods. A potential method to reduce the energy value of diet while maintaining the sweet taste is using non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS). NNS are commonly used as table sugar substitutes. This wide group of chemical compounds features high sweetness almost without calories due to its high sweetening strength. NNS include aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose, saccharin, cyclamate, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (neohesperidin DC), neotame, taumatin, and advantame. The available evidence suggests that replacing sugar with NNS may support weight control. However, the effect of NNS on the regulation of appetite and sweet taste perception is not clear. Therefore, the review aimed to summarize the current knowledge about the use of NNS as a potential strategy for weight loss and their impact on sweet taste perception. Most studies have demonstrated that consumption of NNS-sweetened foods does not increase sweetness preference orenergy intake. Nonetheless, further research is required to determine the long-term effects of NNS on weight management.

Comparison of Polish and international guidelines on diet supplements in pregnancy - review.

Proper nutrition is an important element that determines the course of pregnancy. Unfortunately, the everyday diet is not always able to cover the increased in pregnancy essential vitamins and minerals requirements. Therefore, pregnant women often use dietary supplements. This study aimed to compare Polish and international recommendations regarding dietary supplementation during pregnancy. The Polish Society of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (PSGO) recommends in every pregnant woman the dietary supplementation of folates, vitamin D and iodine. Additionally, the benefits of iron supplementation in pregnant women with anemia or at high risk of developing anemia are also highlighted. In the light of Polish guidelines, the magnesium supplementation is recommended in the condition of its reduced level in blood. In the case of limited consumption of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), Polish guidelines recommend in pregnant women's diet, at least 600 mg of DHA every day. Still, in case of the high risk of premature birth - at least 1000 mg DHA a day during the entire pregnancy period should be taken.

Nutritional Approach Targeting Gut Microbiota in NAFLD-To Date.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant clinical and epidemiological problem that affects around 25% of the adult global population. A large body of clinical evidence highlights that NAFLD is associated with increased liver-related morbidity and mortality and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, extrahepatic cancers, type 2 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Recently, a series of studies revealed the pivotal role of gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis in NAFLD's pathogenesis. The GM plays an essential role in different metabolic pathways, including the fermentation of diet polysaccharides, energy harvest, choline regulation, and bile acid metabolism. One of the most critical factors in GM stabilization is the diet; therefore, nutritional therapyappearsto be a promising tool in NAFLD therapy. This paper aims to review the current knowledge regardingthe nutritional approach and its implications with GM and NAFLD treatment. We discuss the positive impact of probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics in a reverse dysbiosis state in NAFLD and show the potential beneficial effects of bioactive substances from the diet. The full description of the mechanism of action and comprehensive examination of the impact of nutritional interventions on GM modulation may, in the future, be a simple but essential tool supporting NAFLD therapy.

Comparison of the effect of rapeseed oil or amaranth seed oil supplementation on weight loss, body composition, and changes in the metabolic profile of obese patients following 3-week body mass reduction program: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Amaranth seed oil (ASO) and rapeseed oil (RSO) are functional foods that display antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. These oils are also known to lower glucose and cholesterol levels. The current study compared the effects exerted by RSO and ASO on weight loss and metabolic parameters during a 3-week body mass reduction program. METHODS: Eighty-one obese subjects (BMI > 30 kg/m2), aged 25-70 years, were enrolled in a 3-week body mass reduction program based on a calorie-restricted diet and physical activity. Participants were randomly categorized into an AO group (administered 20 mL/d of ASO), a RO group (administered 20 mL/d of RSO), and a C group (control; untreated). Anthropometric and metabolic parameters were measured at baseline and endpoint. RESULTS: Significant decreases in weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), fat mass (FM), lean body mass (LBM), visceral fat mass (VFM), and total body water (TBW%) were observed in all groups (P <  0.05). No significant improvements were observed in the clinical parameters of group C. Fasting insulin (Δ - 5.9, and Δ - 5.7) and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (Δ - 1.1 and Δ - 0.5) were decreased in both RO and AO groups, respectively. Fasting glucose (Δ -8.5; P = 0.034), total cholesterol (Δ -14.6; P = 0.032), non-HDL cholesterol (Δ 15.9; P = 0.010), TG/HDL ratio (Δ -0.6; P = 0.032), LDL cholesterol (Δ -12.3; P = 0.042), and triglycerides (Δ -6.5; P = 0.000) were significantly improved in the AO group, compared to the RO group. CONCLUSIONS: The 3-week body mass reduction intervention caused a significant reduction in the weight, BMI, WC, HC, FM, and VFM of all groups. Except for HOMA-IR, there were no statistical differences between the clinical parameters of all groups. However, a trend toward improved insulin levels and HDL% was noticeable in AO and RO. Therapies involving edible oils with high nutritional value, such as RSO and ASO, show potential for improving metabolic measurements during body mass reduction programs. Thus, obese patients undertaking weight reduction programs may benefit from RSO and ASO supplementation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: retrospectively registered, DRKS00017708.

You Are What You Eat-The Relationship between Diet, Microbiota, and Metabolic Disorders-A Review.

The gut microbiota (GM) is defined as the community of microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses) colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. GM regulates various metabolic pathways in the host, including those involved in energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and bile acid metabolism. The relationship between alterations in intestinal microbiota and diseases associated with civilization is well documented. GM dysbiosis is involved in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and neurological disorders. Multiple factors modulate the composition of the microbiota and how it physically functions, but one of the major factors triggering GM establishment is diet. In this paper, we reviewed the current knowledge about the relationship between nutrition, gut microbiota, and host metabolic status. We described how macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fat) and different dietary patterns (e.g., Western-style diet, vegetarian diet, Mediterranean diet) interact with the composition and activity of GM, and how gut bacterial dysbiosis has an influence on metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.

The influence of a 3-week body mass reduction program on the metabolic parameters and free amino acid profiles in adult Polish people with obesity.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have showed differences in the amino acid (AA) composition in the plasma of people with obesity when compared to lean individuals, but the perturbations of AA concentrations in obesity and the dynamics of AA changes after weight loss is not fully understood. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of a short-term weight reduction program on the metabolic status and plasma AA levels in individuals with obesity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 24 adult Polish patients with a BMI between 34 and 49 kg/m2 were enrolled in a 3-week controlled body mass reduction program based on everyday physical activity and a hypocaloric diet (25-30% less than total daily energy requirements). At baseline and after the program, anthropometric measurements, biochemical parameters and free AA profiles were determined. RESULTS: After the weight loss program, significant changes in body mass and metabolic parameters (e.g., low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, fasting glucose, and insulin levels) were observed. Positive changes in a homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) following the program were also found. The levels of 10 AAs (α-amino-n-butyric acid, alanine, citrulline, glutamine, glycine, hydroxyproline, isoleucine, proline, sarcosine, and threonine) had significantly increased following weight loss. Only aspartic acid was present at a significantly lower concentration after the program. CONCLUSIONS: Using a 3-week controlled body mass reduction program based on physical activity and a hypocaloric diet, we were able to demonstrate significant changes in biochemical parameters and free AA profiles. To better understand these changes, future studies should involve a long-term program with more patients.

Gastrointestinal complications in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disease which affects patients of various age. Hyperglycemia induces damage of vascular endothelium, development of chronic inflammation, organic and functional lesions in several systems and organs. The principal gastroenterological complaints linked to the manifestation of the disease include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, flatulence, and vomiting. However, complications in the alimentary system may manifest exclusively by difficulties in reaching normoglycemia and numerous persistent episodes of hypoglycemia. The most frequent complication of diabetes mellitus affecting the alimentary tract involves gastroparesis and disturbances in pancreatic function. Diabetes may also aggravate other coexisting diseases, such as gastroesophageal reflux or periodontitis. Subject-based references accentuate also a significantly more frequent manifestation together with diabetes of other autoimmune diseases, such as celiac disease or autoimmune gastritis. Also, a hepatic microangiopathy and increased incidence of certain tumors, linked to the manifestation of insulin resistance, may be regarded to represent complications of long-term diabetes. Rapid diagnosis and adequate treatment may significantly improve a patient's quality of life and influence the prolonged control of glycemia. Nevertheless, this requires a rigorous analysis of the signs and clinical condition of a patient as well as individualization of recommendations and therapy.