Adoecimento Mental, Antipsiquiatria e Antidiagnóstico: Notas a Partir de Elso Arruda / Mental Illness, Anti-psychiatry, and Anti-diagnosis: Notes from Elso Arruda / Enfermedad Mental, Antipsiquiatría y Antidiagnóstico: Apuntamientos desde Elso Arruda

A conformação da Psicologia Clínica ocorreu por meio de tensionamentos produzidos por diferentes profissionais, envolvidos nas práxis da clínica psi, no país. Parte desses embates ressaltam a utilização de métodos e técnicas psicológicas, para solução de problemas de ajustamento, no campo Psi - Psiquiatria, Psicologia e Psicanálise. Esta pesquisa objetiva identificar e caracterizar tensionamentos no campo psi referentes à Psicologia Clínica a partir de publicações de um de seus personagens, Elso Arruda. Metodologicamente, essa é uma investigação sociobibliométrica, que se insere na interseção entre a História Social da Psicologia, a História da Psiquiatria e a História da Psicanálise. Para a análise do conteúdo das fontes primárias utilizamos o software Iramuteq. Os resultados sugerem que circularam, entre os saberes psi, discursos pró-reforma psiquiátrica, na década de 1960. As fontes indicam ainda uma mudança da noção de diagnóstico na clínica psi, norteada por uma proposta antipsiquiátrica e antidiagnóstica, bem como o uso da psicologia, da psicanálise e da fenomenologia existencial para compreender o indivíduo.

Clinical psychology's conformation occurred by tensions produced by different professionals involved into the praxis of Psy's clinic, in Brazil. Part of this struggle is related to psychological methods and techniques to solve adjustment problems in the Psy's field - Psychiatry, Psychology and Psychoanalysis. This research aims to identify and characterize those tensions related particularly to Clinical Psychology based on one of its characters, Elso Arruda. Methodologically, this is a socio-bibliometric investigation, which is inserted in the intersection between the Social History of Psychology, the History of Psychiatry and the History of Psychoanalysis. For the content analysis of the primary sources, we used the Iramuteq software. Our results suggest that, among the Psy knowledge in the 1960's, circulated proposals advocating psychiatric reform. Besides, these sources suggest a change in the notion of diagnosis guided by an antipsychiatric and antidiagnostic proposal, as well as the use of psychology, psychoanalysis, and existential phenomenology to understand the subject.

En Brasil, la conformación de la Psicología Clínica se dio a través de tensiones producidas por diferentes profesionales involucrados en la praxis de la clínica psi. Parte de estos enfrentamientos están relacionados con el uso de métodos y técnicas psicológicas para resolver problemas de adaptación en el campo psi - Psiquiatría, Psicología y Psicoanálisis. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo identificar y caracterizar aquellas tensiones relacionadas particularmente con la Psicología Clínica a partir de uno de sus personajes, Elso Arruda. Metodológicamente, esta es una investigación socio-bibliométrica, que se inserta en la intersección entre la Historia Social de la Psicología, la Historia de la Psiquiatría y la Historia del Psicoanálisis. Para el análisis de contenido de las fuentes primarias hemos utilizado el programa informático Iramuteq. Los resultados proponen que circularon discursos a favor de la reforma psiquiátrica dentro de los saberes psi en la década de 1960. Además, las fuentes sugieren un cambio en la noción de diagnóstico en la clínica psi, guiado por una propuesta anti psiquiátrica y anti diagnóstica, así como el uso de la psicología, psicoanálisis y la fenomenología existencial para comprender el sujeto desajustado.

Recepção, circulação e disciplinarização da gestalt-terapia no Mato Grosso do Sul / Reception, Circulation and Disciplinarization of Gestalt-therapy in Mato Grosso do Sul / Recepción, Circulación y Disciplinarización de la Gestalt-terapia en Mato Grosso do Sul

A Gestalt-terapia vem crescendo e se desenvolvendo desde de sua recepção na década de 1950. Para alguns autores, a Gestalt-terapia está envolvida no processo de recepção da fenomenologia na psicologia Humanista. Todavia, aspectos que envolvem o processo de formação de um conhecimento especializado e institucionalizado, como a disciplinarização dessa abordagem, são pouco visíveis no Mato Grosso do Sul (MS). Nesse cenário, esta pesquisa objetiva descrever e analisar formas de disciplinarização da Gestalt-terapia, em Mato Grosso do Sul, entre 1980 e 1990. Metodologicamente, esta é uma pesquisa em História da Psicologia que opera com Análise Documental e Análise de Conteúdo de fontes orais e textuais. Os resultados indicam que a disciplinarização da Gestalt-terapia ocorreu simultaneamente à graduação dos primeiros psicólogos, na cidade. Eles destacam, também, envolvimento nessa formação como uma possibilidade de expansão de conhecimentos, já que o cenário campo-grandense, à época, dificultava o acesso a formações complementares. Por fim, sinalizam um perfil de grupo eminentemente feminino e que salienta a importância de vivências terapêuticas no grupo de formação. Assim, ao desvelarmos esse processo, compreende-se determinados aspectos da história da Psicologia brasileira além de clarificar aspectos não narrados da história local, até então.

Gestalt Therapy has been growing and developing since its arrival in the 1950's. For some authors, Gestalt-therapy is involved in the process of receiving phenomenology in Humanistic Psychology. However, specifics and institutionalized aspects of its studies, as disciplinarization, are barely visible in Mato Grosso do Sul (MS). In this scenario, this research aims to describe and analyze Gestalt-Therapy's disciplinarization in MS, between 1980 and 1990. Methodologically, this is a research in History of Psychology that uses Documentary and Content Analysis from oral and textual sources. Results indicate that Gestalt-Therapy's disciplinarization happened at the same time the firsts psychologists graduated in the city. They also highlight the involvement in the Gestalt-Therapy's training as a possibility of expansion knowledge, considering the scenario of Campo Grande, at the time, made it difficult to access complementary education. Finally, they suggest an eminently female group profile that shows the importance of therapeutic experiences in the group formation. Therefore, by unveiling this process, we understand certain aspects of the history of Brazilian Psychology, in addition to clarifying untold aspects of this local history.

La Terapia gestáltica (GT), desde su recepción en la década de 1950, se ha desarrollado profusamente. Para algunos autores la terapia gestáltica está involucrada en el proceso de recepción de la fenomenología en la psicología humanística. Sin embargo, algunos aspectos disciplinares de ésta en Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) son poco visibles. En este escenario, esta investigación tiene como objetivo describir y analizar las formas de desarrollo disciplinar de la GT en MS, entre los años 1980 y 1990. Metodológicamente, este es un estudio en Historia de la Psicología que opera con análisis documental y de contenido de fuentes orales y textuales. Los resultados indican que el desarrollo disciplinar de la GT ocurrió junto con la graduación de los primeros psicólogos en la ciudad. Éstos destacan, que el interés en este enfoque terapéutico fue por la posibilidad de expansión de conocimientos, ya que el escenario campo-grandense de la época, dificultaba el acceso a formaciones complementarias. Finalmente, éstos señalan un perfil de grupo eminentemente femenino y que alentaba la importancia de vivencias terapéuticas en el grupo de formación. Es por ello que, al develar este proceso, se comprenden determinados aspectos de la historia de la psicología brasileña, además de clarificar aspectos hasta entonces no narrados de esa historia local.

História da Psicologia, por quê? / History of Psychology, why? / Historia de la psicología, ¿por qué?

Recorrentemente, o psicólogo-historiador se vê diante da questão, endereçada por seus pares ou alunos: por que estudar História da Psicologia? Tal questão é tão recorrente que livros-texto de História da Psicologia reservam um espaço para apresentar respostas, justificativas, a tal provocação. Diante disso, este artigo endereça uma resposta a tal questão, a partir da hipótese de que a História da Psicologia é uma ferramenta para compreensão de rupturas e permanências de fenômenos históricos vinculados aos campos Psi e, esta compreensão, nos auxilia em uma visão mais crítica do presente. Para atingir tal objetivo, são apresentados dois exemplos de questões históricas, mais ainda contemporâneas, na Psicologia brasileira: (a) a definição de campos de atuação e técnicas de atuação do psicólogo e (b) discursos e práticas normatizantes com pessoas homossexuais. Assim, a partir de tais exemplos que nos permitem ver a história na Psicologia e, também, a Psicologia na história, conclui-se que a História da Psicologia pode, sim, contribuir com uma análise mais crítica do momento presente. Para tanto, faz-se necessário a pesquisa em História da Psicologia e o ensino de sua história, para uma formação crítica do psicólogo brasileiro.(AU)

Frequently, the psychologist-historian of Psychology finds himself faced with the question, addressed by his peers or students: why should we study the History of Psychology? Textbooks on the History of Psychology reserve some sections to present such justifications to their readers, indeed. Therefore, we aim to give an answer to that question, based on the hypothesis that the History of Psychology is a tool for understanding ruptures and permanencies of Psychological phenomena in the history, and this understanding helps us to build up a more critical view of the present. In order to achieve that goal, two examples of historical issues in Brazilian Psychology ­ that are still contemporary - are presented: (a) the definition of fields of application and their techniques, and (b) normative discourses and practices with homosexual people. Thus, from such examples that allow us to see history in Psychology and also Psychology in history, we conclude that the History of Psychology would contribute for a more critical analysis of the present. Therefore, it is necessary to research in History of Psychology and to teach its history, for a critical formation of the Brazilian psychologist.(AU)

Frecuentemente, el psicólogo-historiador se ve ante la cuestión, direccionada por sus pares o alumnos: ¿por qué estudiar Historia de la Psicología? Tal cuestión es tan recurrente que libros didácticos de Historia de la Psicología reservan un espacio para presentar respuestas, justificaciones, a tal provocación. Por lo tanto, este artículo brinda una respuesta a tal cuestión, a partir de la hipótesis de que la Historia de la Psicología constituye una herramienta para la comprensión de rupturas y permanencias de fenómenos históricos vinculados a los saberes Psi y que esta comprensión nos auxilia en una visión más crítica del presente. Para alcanzar tal objetivo, se presentan dos ejemplos de cuestiones históricas, más aún contemporáneas, en la Psicología brasileña: (a) la definición de campos de actuación y técnicas de actuación del psicólogo y (b) discursos y prácticas de normativización con personas homosexuales. Así, a partir de tales ejemplos que nos permiten ver la historia en la Psicología y, también, la Psicología en la historia, se concluye que la Historia de la Psicología sí puede contribuir a un análisis más crítico del momento presente. Para ello, se hace necesaria la investigación en Historia de la Psicología y la enseñanza de su historia, para una formación crítica del psicólogo brasileño.(AU)

Modelos de saúde mental e doença mental: Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicotécnica (1949-1968) / Models on Mental Health and Mental Illness: Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicotécnica (1949-1968) / Modelos de salud mental y enfermedad mental: Archivos Brasileños de Psicotecnia (1949-1968)

Este artigo objetivou descrever e analisar conhecimentos e práticas que influenciavam o modelo de compreensão de saúde mental e de doença mental, no período de 1949-1968, com a finalidade de esclarecer a definição da expressão "problemas de ajustamento", como foco da atividade do psicólogo, no Brasil. Para tanto, utilizando-se a história quantitativa e a história digital, foram analisados artigos publicados, no referido período, nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicotécnica. Os resultados sugerem controvérsias sobre os modelos de compreensão de saúde mental e doença mental. Foram identificados embates entre dois modelos psiquiátricos: a "nova psiquiatria", que estaria em construção, e uma "psiquiatria tradicional". Tais modelos de compreensão produziam diferentes práticas terapêuticas. Finalmente, "problemas de ajustamento" poderiam ter relação com as práticas terapêuticas, como a reabilitação, uma vez que remeteriam a uma visão de mundo em que indivíduo e coletividade seriam inseparáveis

This article aims to describe and to analyze ideas and practices that impacted on an understanding model of mental health and mental illness in the period 1949-1968. This analysis helps to clarify the definition of the term "adjustment problems" as a legal object of the psychologist's activities in Brazil. This is a historical investigation based on quantitative history and digital history of Psychology in which articles published in the Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicotécnica during such period are analyzed. Results suggest controversies over the models of understanding mental health and mental illness that promoted different therapeutic practices. There were clashes between two psychiatric models: the "new psychiatry" - under construction - and a "traditional psychiatry". In this scenario, a framework established that individual and collectivity would be inseparable and "adjustment problems" would be related to therapeutic practices, such as rehabilitation

Este artículo tuvo como objetivo describir y analizar el conocimiento y las prácticas que influyeron en el modelo de comprensión de la salud mental y la enfermedad mental, en el período 1949-1968, con el fin de aclarar la definición de la expresión "problemas de ajuste", como un enfoque de la actividad del psicólogo, en Brasil. Por lo tanto, utilizando la historia cuantitativa y la historia digital, se analizaron los artículos publicados en el período mencionado en los Archivos Brasileños de Psicotecnia. Los resultados sugieren controversias sobre los modelos de comprensión de la salud mental y la enfermedad mental. Se identificaron enfrentamientos entre dos modelos psiquiátricos: la "nueva psiquiatría", que estaría en construcción y una "psiquiatría tradicional". Tales modelos de comprensión produjeron diferentes prácticas terapéuticas. Finalmente, los "problemas de ajuste" podrían estar relacionados con las prácticas terapéuticas, como la rehabilitación, ya que se referirían a una visión del mundo en la que individuo y colectividad serían inseparables

Mercury and methylmercury transport and fate in the water column of Tagus estuary (Portugal).

Six campaigns were performed in North Channel (CNOR), Barcas Channel (BC) and lower zones (EZ) of Tagus estuary to better understand methylmercury (MMHg) and mercury (Hg) transport and fate. Highest concentrations of particulate and dissolved MMHg were observed in CNOR in bottom waters and in the warmest months. The MMHg distribution coefficients between particulate and dissolved fractions were mainly influenced by particulate matter and dissolved organic carbon. The values were slightly higher in summer than in winter and in CNOR. Overall, results established that the tidal effect is a main driver on the transport and fate of Hg and MMHg from CNOR to outer areas, evidenced by the exportation of the Hg species from CNOR to the upstream station in high tide and to the downstream one in low tide. Therefore, CNOR may be considered a source of Hg and MMHg to the outer estuary.

Evaluation of mercury methylation and methylmercury demethylation rates in vegetated and non-vegetated saltmarsh sediments from two Portuguese estuaries.

Neurotoxic methylmercury (MMHg) is formed from inorganic divalent mercury (Hg2+). However, it is poorly understood to what extent different mercury (Hg) pools contribute to existent MMHg levels. In this study, ambient concentrations of total Hg (THg) and MMHg as well as rates of methylation and demethylation were measured simultaneously in sediments with and without salt-marsh plant vegetation, which were collected in Guadiana and Tagus estuaries, Portugal. Concurrent processes of Hg methylation and MMHg demethylation were directly monitored and compared by spiking sediments cores with stable isotope tracers of 199Hg2+ and CH3201Hg+ followed by gas chromatographic separation and isotope-specific detection using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Compared to the Guadiana estuary, where concentrations were comparatively low, THg and MMHg levels varied between vegetated and non-vegetated sediments collected at the Rosário site (ROS) of the Tagus estuary. Methylation (KM) and demethylation rates (KD) were also different between estuaries being dependent on the presence of vegetation. In addition, the type of macrophyte species influenced KM and KD values. In fact, the highest KM value was found in Sarcocornia fruticosa vegetated sediments at the Castro Marim site in Guadiana (CM, 0.160 day-1) and the lowest KM was observed in non-vegetated sediments at the Alcochete site in Tagus (ALC, 0.009 day-1). KD varied by a factor of three among sites with highest rates of demethylation observed in non-vegetated sediments in Guadiana (12 ± 1.3 day-1, corresponding to a half-life of 1.4 ± 0.2 h). This study clearly shows that the presence of vegetation in sediments favors the formation of MMHg. Moreover, this effect might be site specific and further studies are needed to confirm the findings reported here.

Assessing trace element contamination in Fildes Peninsula (King George Island) and Ardley Island, Antarctic.

King George Island, situated in the South Shetland Islands archipelago, is one of the most visited sites in Antarctica. This has contributed to a high density of scientific stations and shelters in the region, especially in Fildes Peninsula. In order to evaluate the natural and anthropogenic sources of trace elements (As, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg) soil and moss samples were collected from different sites in January 2013. In general, the results revealed homogeneous concentrations (µgg(-)(1)) for each element in the majority of collected samples (As: 3.8±1.4; Cd: 0.4±0.9; Cu: 34±4; Zn: 115±13; Pb: 20±5; Hg; 0.011±0.009). However, some samples in specific areas of Fildes Bay showed the existence of local anthropogenic activities that have contributed to the enrichment of contaminants in soils and moss samples that correlated to one another (e.g. Pb: 1101µgg(-)(1)). Human presence is linked to examples of contamination and environmental perturbation, making essential the implementation of this type of study in order to understand and protect unique places in Antarctica.

Pathways and speciation of mercury in the environmental compartments of Deception Island, Antarctica.

This work reports the first integrated mercury study in an Antarctic ecosystem. Sample collection took place in Deception Island, an active volcano in the South Shetland Islands, in several environmental compartments (water, snow, sediments and vegetation) and different locations, during December 2011. The results suggest that volcanic activity is the most important Hg source. Mercury levels in water and sediments sampled at two fumaroles were up to 10,000 times higher than in the other sampling sites. Dissolved methylmercury (MeHg) is below the detection limit in those samples, probably due to the very high temperature found in fumaroles (above 80 °C). On the other hand MeHg accounted for, on average, 23% of total dissolved Hg in the saline waters of Foster bay, which suggests exceptional conditions for Hg methylation. Combined with the high residence time of the water in Foster bay, the results point to the existence of a MeHg pool available for aquatic living organisms.

Sources and transport of As, Cu, Cd and Pb in the environmental compartments of Deception Island, Antarctica.

Sources and transport processes of As, Cu, Cd and Pb were studied in different environmental compartments of Deception Island, an active volcano in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Element concentrations in fresh water samples are consistent with the lowest values reported elsewhere in Antarctica. Interestingly, higher concentration values of As were found in samples collected in or near spring water courses and its transport may be related with processes of lixiviation in underground waters. While in saline waters Cu and Pb had important punctual sources, concentration values for Cd were consistently high pointing to the existence of a natural and diffuse source possibly related with the hydrothermal activity. The high Si/Al ratio, low carbon content, and a non-significant anthropogenic heavy metal input may explain the surprisingly homogeneous heavy metal content found in sediment samples.

Portable miniaturized extracorporeal membrane oxygenation systems for H1N1-related severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: a case series.

BACKGROUND: Technological advances improved the practice of "modern" extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). In the present report, we describe the experience of a referral ECMO center using portable miniaturized ECMO systems for H1N1-related severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). METHODS: An observational study of all patients with H1N1-associated ARDS treated with ECMO in Hospital S. João (Porto, Portugal) between November 2009 and April 2011 was performed. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support was established using either ELS or Cardiohelp systems (Maquet-Cardiopulmonary-AG, Hirrlingen, Germany). RESULTS: Ten adult patients with severe ARDS secondary to H1N1 infection (Pao(2)/fraction of inspired oxygen, 69 mm Hg [56-84]; Murray score, 3.5 [3.5-3.8]) were included, and 60% survived to hospital discharge. Five patients were uneventfully transferred on ECMO from referring hospitals to our center by ambulance. Six patients were treated during the first postpandemic influenza season. All patients were treated with oseltamivir, and 1 received in addition zanamivir. Four patients received corticosteroids. Nosocomial infection was the most common complication (40%). Of the 4 deaths, 2 were caused by hemorrhagic shock; 1, by irreversible multiple organ failure; and 1, by refractory septic shock. CONCLUSION: In our experience, ECMO support was a valuable therapeutic option for H1N1-related severe ARDS. The use of portable miniaturized systems allowed urgent rescue of patients from referring hospitals and safe interhospital and intrahospital transport during ECMO support.