Microbial Complexity of Oral Cavity of Healthy Dogs Identified by Mass Spectrometry and Next-Generation Sequencing.

The high complexity of the oral microbiota of healthy dogs and the close exposure of humans to companion animals represent a risk of the transmission of potential zoonotic microorganisms to humans, especially through dog bites, including multidrug-resistant ones. Nonetheless, a limited number of comprehensive studies have focused on the diversity of the microorganisms that inhabit the oral cavities of healthy dogs, particularly based on modern molecular techniques. We investigated bacterial and fungal organisms in the oral cavities of 100 healthy dogs based on a combination of conventional and selective microbiological culture, mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and next-generation sequencing. In addition, in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolates and mecA resistance gene were assessed. A total of 213 bacteria and 20 fungi were isolated. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (40/100 = 40%), α-hemolytic Streptococcus (37/100 = 37%), and Pasteurella stomatis (22/100 = 22%) were the most prevalent bacteria diagnosed by microbiological culture and MALDI-TOF MS, whereas Aspergillus (10/100 = 10%) was the most common fungi identified. Based on next-generation sequencing of selected 20 sampled dogs, Porphyromonas (32.5%), Moraxella (16.3%), Fusobacterium (12.8%), Conchiformibius (9.5%), Bergeyella (5%), Campylobacter (3.8%), and Capnocytophaga (3.4%) genera were prevalent. A high multidrug resistance rate was observed in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates, particularly to azithromycin (19/19 = 100%), penicillin (15/19 = 78.9%), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (15/19 = 78.9%). In addition, the mecA resistance gene was detected in 6.1% (3/49) of coagulase-positive staphylococci. Here, we highlight the microbial complexity of the oral mucosa of healthy dogs, including potential zoonotic microorganisms and multidrug-resistant bacteria, contributing with the investigation of the microbiota and antimicrobial resistance patterns of the microorganisms that inhabit the oral cavity of healthy dogs.

Ring Fracture of Brazilian Aortic Valve Bioprostheses Using Non-Compliant High-Pressure Transcatheter Balloon, an Ex Vivo Test

ABSTRACT Introduction: Aortic valve bioprostheses ring fracture in valve-in-valve procedures has shown low complication rates and presents as an option in the treatment of patients at high risk for conventional surgery, avoiding high transvalvular gradients, which are associated with increased mortality. Some prostheses available in the market cannot be fractured. In an ex vivo test, the possibility of ring fracture of aortic valve bioprostheses produced in Brazil when submitted to radial force application using a high-pressure non-compliant balloon was evaluated. Methods: One unit of each aortic valve bioprosthesis model, sizes 19 and 21 mm, produced by Brazilian companies (Braile Biomédica, Cardioprótese, and Labcor), was used. In the experiment, a non-compliant high-pressure balloon (Atlas®-Gold), 1 mm larger than the external diameter of the prosthesis, was positioned inside the valve annulus and inflated gradually aiming to fracture the prosthesis. Fracture pressures and photographic and radiological images of the prostheses before and after test were recorded. Results: All prostheses were fractured. In the models with metal ring, the fracture pressures were between 23 and 25 atm. In the other prostheses, the rupture occurred between 10 and 13 atm. No deformations in the structure were observed, which could potentially damage the aortic root. Conclusion: All the Brazilian prostheses evaluated were fractured, although the presence of a metal ring in the prosthesis framework increases the pressure required for fracture. The information obtained helps in the planning of valve-in-valve procedures in patients with aortic valve bioprostheses.

Ring Fracture of Brazilian Aortic Valve Bioprostheses Using Non-Compliant High-Pressure Transcatheter Balloon, an Ex Vivo Test.

INTRODUCTION: Aortic valve bioprostheses ring fracture in valve-in-valve procedures has shown low complication rates and presents as an option in the treatment of patients at high risk for conventional surgery, avoiding high transvalvular gradients, which are associated with increased mortality. Some prostheses available in the market cannot be fractured. In an ex vivo test, the possibility of ring fracture of aortic valve bioprostheses produced in Brazil when submitted to radial force application using a high-pressure non-compliant balloon was evaluated. METHODS: One unit of each aortic valve bioprosthesis model, sizes 19 and 21 mm, produced by Brazilian companies (Braile Biomédica, Cardioprótese, and Labcor), was used. In the experiment, a non-compliant high-pressure balloon (Atlas®-Gold), 1 mm larger than the external diameter of the prosthesis, was positioned inside the valve annulus and inflated gradually aiming to fracture the prosthesis. Fracture pressures and photographic and radiological images of the prostheses before and after test were recorded. RESULTS: All prostheses were fractured. In the models with metal ring, the fracture pressures were between 23 and 25 atm. In the other prostheses, the rupture occurred between 10 and 13 atm. No deformations in the structure were observed, which could potentially damage the aortic root. CONCLUSION: All the Brazilian prostheses evaluated were fractured, although the presence of a metal ring in the prosthesis framework increases the pressure required for fracture. The information obtained helps in the planning of valve-in-valve procedures in patients with aortic valve bioprostheses.

[The "Boletim da Clínica Psiquiátrica da FMUPS," 1962-1971: a forgotten publication and portrait of an era]. / O "Boletim da Clínica Psiquiátrica da FMUSP", 1962-1971: publicação esquecida, retrato de uma época.

This article describes the Boletim da Clínica Psiquiátrica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, which was published from 1962 to 1971. This was the first scientific publication of the Psychiatric Clinic, and was replaced by the Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica, which still exists today. The Boletim is a valuable source for historical research, spanning a decade of Brazilian psychiatry, and contains a variety of content: medication trials, theoretical discussions, current events, and institutional issues related to the development of psychiatry and related areas such as psychology and psychoanalysis, as well as the arrival of medications and the search for standardized diagnoses.

O artigo retrata a história inédita do Boletim da Clínica Psiquiátrica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo , publicado entre 1962 e 1971. Trata-se da primeira publicação científica da Clínica Psiquiátrica, substituída pela Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica , existente até os dias de hoje. O Boletim é uma valiosa fonte de pesquisa histórica, que retrata uma década da psiquiatria brasileira. Seu conteúdo é composto por trabalhos variados: testes de medicação, discussões teóricas, notícias da época e questões institucionais da formação da psiquiatria e de áreas correlatas como a psicologia e a psicanálise. A chegada das medicações, a busca pela padronização dos diagnósticos e textos ensaísticos são parte desse conteúdo.

O "Boletim da Clínica Psiquiátrica da FMUSP", 1962-1971: publicação esquecida, retrato de uma época / The "Boletim da Clínica Psiquiátrica da FMUPS, " 1962-1971: a forgotten publication and portrait of an era

Resumo O artigo retrata a história inédita do Boletim da Clínica Psiquiátrica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo , publicado entre 1962 e 1971. Trata-se da primeira publicação científica da Clínica Psiquiátrica, substituída pela Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica , existente até os dias de hoje. O Boletim é uma valiosa fonte de pesquisa histórica, que retrata uma década da psiquiatria brasileira. Seu conteúdo é composto por trabalhos variados: testes de medicação, discussões teóricas, notícias da época e questões institucionais da formação da psiquiatria e de áreas correlatas como a psicologia e a psicanálise. A chegada das medicações, a busca pela padronização dos diagnósticos e textos ensaísticos são parte desse conteúdo.

Abstract This article describes the Boletim da Clínica Psiquiátrica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, which was published from 1962 to 1971. This was the first scientific publication of the Psychiatric Clinic, and was replaced by the Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica, which still exists today. The Boletim is a valuable source for historical research, spanning a decade of Brazilian psychiatry, and contains a variety of content: medication trials, theoretical discussions, current events, and institutional issues related to the development of psychiatry and related areas such as psychology and psychoanalysis, as well as the arrival of medications and the search for standardized diagnoses.

A "Dirty" Footprint: Macroinvertebrate diversity in Amazonian Anthropic Soils.

Amazonian rainforests, once thought to be pristine wilderness, are increasingly known to have been widely inhabited, modified, and managed prior to European arrival, by human populations with diverse cultural backgrounds. Amazonian Dark Earths (ADEs) are fertile soils found throughout the Amazon Basin, created by pre-Columbian societies with sedentary habits. Much is known about the chemistry of these soils, yet their zoology has been neglected. Hence, we characterized soil fertility, macroinvertebrate communities, and their activity at nine archeological sites in three Amazonian regions in ADEs and adjacent reference soils under native forest (young and old) and agricultural systems. We found 673 morphospecies and, despite similar richness in ADEs (385 spp.) and reference soils (399 spp.), we identified a tenacious pre-Columbian footprint, with 49% of morphospecies found exclusively in ADEs. Termite and total macroinvertebrate abundance were higher in reference soils, while soil fertility and macroinvertebrate activity were higher in the ADEs, and associated with larger earthworm quantities and biomass. We show that ADE habitats have a unique pool of species, but that modern land use of ADEs decreases their populations, diversity, and contributions to soil functioning. These findings support the idea that humans created and sustained high-fertility ecosystems that persist today, altering biodiversity patterns in Amazonia.

Bacteriological, cytological, and molecular investigation of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, mycobacteria, and other bacteria in caseous lymphadenitis and healthy lymph nodes of slaughtered sheep.

Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) in sheep is a chronic contagious disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, commonly characterized by abscess formation in peripheral lymph nodes and disseminated infections. Nonetheless, other microorganisms, including with zoonotic relevance, can be isolated from CL-resembling lymph nodes. Currently, mycobacteria have been reported in visceral granulomatous lesions in small ruminants, a fact that poses a public health issue, particularly in slaughtered sheep intended for human consumption. Cytology using fine needle aspiration and microbiological culturing are suitable tests for routine diagnostic, whereas present drawbacks and molecular methods have been confirmatory. Data about the occurrence of mycobacteria in both lymph nodes with aspect of CL and apparently healthy visceral nodes of sheep slaughtered for human consumption are scarce. In this study, 197 visceral lymph nodes of sheep showed lymphadenitis and 202 healthy visceral lymph nodes of slaughtered sheep intended for human consumption were submitted to conventional bacteriological diagnosis, mycobacteria culturing, and cytological evaluation. Compatible Corynebacterium isolates were subjected to multiplex PCR targeting 16S rRNA, rpoB, and pld genes to detect C. pseudotuberculosis. Based on microbiological identification, C. pseudotuberculosis (86/197; 43.7%), streptococci γ-hemolytic (17/197; 8.6%), and Trueperella pyogenes (12/197; 6.1%) were prevalent in lymph nodes with abscesses, as opposed to staphylococci (53/202; 26.2%) in apparently healthy lymph nodes. No mycobacteria were isolated. Cytology identified 49.2% (97/197) Gram-positive pleomorphic organisms (coryneform aspect). Multiplex PCR confirmed genetic material of C. pseudotuberculosis in 74.4% (64/86) of the samples with C. pseudotuberculosis isolation and 66% (64/97) samples with cytological coryneform aspect (κ = 86.78%; 95% CI = 79.87-93.68%). These findings emphasize the prevalence of C. pseudotuberculosis in abscess formation among peripheral lymph nodes of sheep. Other bacteria were also identified in lymph nodes sampled that resembling C. pseudotuberculosis-induced infections that may difficult the diagnosis. Multiplex PCR revealed a valuable assay to detect C. pseudotuberculosis, in addition to routine methods applied to CL-diagnosis. No mycobacteria were identified in lymph nodes sampled, with and without apparent lesions. Nonetheless, due to public health impacts, this pathogen should be considered as a differential diagnosis of C. pseudotuberculosis-induced infections during inspection procedures of slaughtered sheep intended for human consumption.

Reforma Sanitária e o estado de São Paulo 1970-1980: particularidades regionais e formação de seus trabalhadores / Health reform and the state of São Paulo between 1970 and 1980: regional dimensions and worker training / Reforma Sanitaria y el Estado de São Paulo 1970-1980: particularidades regionales y formación de sus trabajadores

Os estudos em perspectiva histórica da Reforma Sanitária, entre 1970-1980 no Brasil, ganharam diversos matizes analíticos e autores. Porém, ainda se ressente da necessidade de sua compreensão mediante particularidades regionais e uma visão que busque contextos capazes de elucidar ou ao menos refletir acerca daquilo que pode ser abarcado em uma lógica vivida por grupos determinados, instituições e movimentos alinhados ao pensamento social em saúde. Acrescido a essa questão está o projeto de formação de sanitaristas no período, que a historiografia aponta como relevante para o fortalecimento do ideário da Reforma Sanitária. Dentro dessa motivação e análise crítica, buscamos apresentar um estudo histórico de dimensão regional sobre as experiências médico-sanitárias vividas no período no Estado de São Paulo. (AU)

Studies of the history of Brazil's health reform conducted between 1970 and 1980 have gained various nuances and authors. However, there is still a need to understand the regional dimensions of the reform using an approach that examines contexts that are capable of elucidating or at least reflecting on the perspectives of specific groups, institutions and movements aligned with social thinking in health. An additional question is the sanitarian training program at the time, which historiography depicts as being relevant to the strengthening of the ideology behind the health reform. Motivated by the above and critical analysis, we present a historical study of the regional dimensions of the health reform investigating medical-sanitary experiences lived during the period in the state of São Paulo. (AU)

Los estudios en perspectiva histórica de la Reforma Sanitaria, entre 1970-1980 en Brasil, obtuvieron diversos matices analíticos y autores. Sin embargo, todavía se resiente de la necesidad de su comprensión a partir de particularidades regionales y de una visión que busque contextos capaces de elucidar o al menos de reflexionar sobre aquello que puede abarcarse en una lógica vivida por grupos determinados, instituciones y movimientos alineados al pensamiento social en salud. Añadido a esta cuestión está el proyecto de formación de sanitaristas en el período que la historiografía señala como relevante para el fortalecimiento del ideario de la Reforma Sanitaria. Dentro de esa motivación y análisis crítico, buscamos presentar un estudio histórico de dimensión regional sobre las experiencias médico-sanitarias vividas en el período en el Estado de São Paulo. (AU)

O Boletim da Clínica Psiquiátrica da FMUSP, 1962-1971: publicação esquecida, retrato de uma época / The Boletim da Clínica Psiquiátrica da FMUPS, 1962-1971: a forgotten publication and portrait of an era

O artigo retrata a história inédita do Boletim da Clínica Psiquiátrica daFaculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, publicado entre 1962e 1971. Trata-se da primeira publicação científica da Clínica Psiquiátrica,substituída pela Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica, existente até os dias de hoje.O Boletim é uma valiosa fonte de pesquisa histórica, que retrata umadécada da psiquiatria brasileira. Seu conteúdo é composto por trabalhosvariados: testes de medicação, discussões teóricas, notícias da época equestões institucionais da formação da psiquiatria e de áreas correlatascomo a psicologia e a psicanálise. A chegada das medicações, a buscapela padronização dos diagnósticos e textos ensaísticos são parte desseconteúdo.

Topical Delivery of Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists Prevents and Reverses Peripheral Neuropathy in Female Diabetic Mice.

Muscarinic antagonists promote sensory neurite outgrowth in vitro and prevent and/or reverse multiple indices of peripheral neuropathy in rodent models of diabetes, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, and HIV protein-induced neuropathy when delivered systemically. We measured plasma concentrations of the M1 receptor-selective muscarinic antagonist pirenzepine when delivered by subcutaneous injection, oral gavage, or topical application to the skin and investigated efficacy of topically delivered pirenzepine against indices of peripheral neuropathy in diabetic mice. Topical application of 2% pirenzepine to the paw resulted in plasma concentrations 6 hours postdelivery that approximated those previously shown to promote neurite outgrowth in vitro. Topical delivery of pirenzepine to the paw of mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes dose-dependently (0.1%-10.0%) prevented tactile allodynia, thermal hypoalgesia, and loss of epidermal nerve fibers in the treated paw and attenuated large fiber motor nerve conduction slowing in the ipsilateral limb. Efficacy against some indices of neuropathy was also noted in the contralateral limb, indicating systemic effects following local treatment. Topical pirenzepine also reversed established paw heat hypoalgesia, whereas withdrawal of treatment resulted in a gradual decline in efficacy over 2-4 weeks. Efficacy of topical pirenzepine was muted when treatment was reduced from 5 to 3 or 1 day/wk. Similar local effects were noted with the nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine when applied either to the paw or to the eye. Topical delivery of muscarinic antagonists may serve as a practical therapeutic approach to treating diabetic and other peripheral neuropathies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Muscarinic antagonist pirenzepine alleviates diabetic peripheral neuropathy when applied topically in mice.

A gripe espanhola pela lente da história local: arquivos, memória e mitos de origem em Botucatu, SP, Brasil, 1918* / The spanish flu through the lens of local history: archives, memory and origin myths in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, 1918 / La gripe española bajo la perspectiva de la historia local: archivos, memoria y mitos de origen en Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 1918

Considerando que a lógica da investigação histórica assenta-se no desenvolvimento da pesquisa empírica, este trabalho discorre sobre desafios na construção de história local sobre a epidemia de gripe espanhola em Botucatu (São Paulo), diante de acervos dispersos, fragmentados, sem tratamento arquivístico e com materialidade comprometida. Discute os lugares produtores da memória e como a seleção e a articulação do passado refletem o que se pretende preservar em torno de discursos e representações locais pelos aparelhos de poder. Flagra, nesse jogo dialético entre o passado que não cessou, mas que se presentifica no poder dos arquivos e da memória coletiva, as forças sociais que atuaram na assistência institucionalizada em Botucatu, desconstruindo mitos de origem, contextualizando singularidades, historicizando iniquidades e capturando representações e expectativas sobre a ordem da cidade e a saúde do corpo, nesse espaço-tempo.(AU)

Considering that the logic of historical investigation is grounded on the development of empirical research, this study approaches challenges in the construction of local history about the spanish flu pandemic in the city of Botucatu, State of São Paulo, in view of scattered and fragmented collections without archival care and with damaged materiality. The study discusses memory-producing places and shows how the selection and articulation of the past reflect what one intends to preserve around local discourses and representations by power apparatuses. It captures, in a dialectic game involving the past that has not ceased to exist and is brought to the present in the power of archives and collective memory, the social forces that acted in institutionalized care at Botucatu. Thus, it deconstructs origin myths, contextualizes singularities, historicizes inequities, and captures representations and expectations about the city's order and the body's health, in this space-time.(AU)

Considerando que la lógica de la investigación histórica se asienta en el desarrollo de la investigación empírica, este trabajo trata sobre desafíos en la construcción de la historia local sobre la epidemia de gripe española en Botucatu - São Paulo-, ante acervos dispersos, fragmentados, sin tratamiento archivístico y con materialidad comprometida. Discute los lugares productores de la memoria y cómo la selección y la articulación del pasado reflejan lo que se pretende preservar alrededor de discursos y representaciones locales por los aparatos de poder. Pone en evidencia, en este juego dialéctico en el paso que no cesó, pero que se hace presente en el poder de los archivos y de la memoria colectiva, las fuerzas sociales que actuaron en la asistencia institucionalizada en Botucatu - Estado de São Paulo, deconstruyendo mitos de origen, contextualizando singularidades, registrando históricamente iniquidades y capturando representaciones y expectativas sobre el orden de la ciudad y la salud del cuerpo, en ese espacio-tiempo.(AU)

O Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo: marcas de sua criação, 1940-1959 / The Institute for Tropical Medicine of São Paulo: characteristics of its creation, 1940-1959 / El Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo: marcas de su creación, 1940-1959

Este artigo foi escrito a partir de um trabalho de perscrutação a jornais, relatórios e textos memorialísticos e objetiva oferecer um contributo historiográfico sobre a criação do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, sancionada em janeiro de 1959 após uma movimentação institucional liderada pelo professor Carlos da Silva Lacaz, seu primeiro diretor. Procura-se destacar aqui dois importantes eixos que contribuíram para a decisão em prover a capital paulista de um Instituto de Medicina Tropical: em primeiro lugar, a internacionalização da Medicina Tropical brasileira, nomeadamente sua relação com tropicalistas portugueses, consubstanciada com a ida de brasileiros - em especial, paulistas - aos institutos de Medicina Tropical na Europa e, em segundo lugar, a presença de endemias rurais no estado de São Paulo (Brasil), que começavam a tornar-se visíveis na capital em decorrência dos movimentos migratórios em direção à cidade.(AU)

This article was based on an examination of newspapers, reports, and memorial texts. It aims at offering a historiographical contribution about the creation of the Institute for Tropical Medicine (IMT, Instituto de Medicina Tropical), approved in January 1959 after an institutional movement led by Prof. Carlos da Silva Lacaz, who was also its first director. The objective is to highlight important factors that contributed to the decision of creating an institute of Tropical Medicine in the Brazilian city of São Paulo, capital of the state of São Paulo. The first of them was to internationalize the Brazilian Tropical Medicine, namely its relationship with Portuguese tropicalists that was consubstantiated with the migration of Brazilians, particularly from the city of São Paulo, to European institutes of Tropical Medicine. The presence of rural endemic diseases in the state, which were becoming increasingly visible in the capital due to migratory movements to the big city, also contributed to its creation.(AU)

Este artículo se escribió a partir de un trabajo de búsqueda en periódicos, informes y textos memorialísticos y tiene el objetivo de ofrecer una contribución historiográfica sobre la creación del Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, sancionada en enero de 1959 después de un movimiento institucional liderado por el profesor Carlos da Silva Lacaz, su primer director. Se busca destacar aquí dos ejes importantes que contribuyeron para la decisión de proporcionar a la capital del Estado de São Paulo un instituto de Medicina Tropical: en primer lugar, la internacionalización de la Medicina Tropical brasileña, principalmente su relación con tropicalistas portugueses, consubstanciada con la ida de brasileños, en especial del estado de São Paulo, a los institutos de medicina tropical en Europa y, en segundo lugar, la presencia de endemias rurales en el Estado de São Paulo (Brasil) que comenzaban a ser visibles en la capital debido a los movimientos migratorios hacia la ciudad.(AU)

A Reforma Leser: a arquitetura de um projeto de saúde pública paulista, 1967-1979 / The Leser Reform: the architecture of a São Paulo (Brazil) public health project, 1967-1979

Resumo Como parte de estudo sobre a história da saúde coletiva em São Paulo, a fim de identificar e debater particularidades regionais da criação e consolidação da saúde coletiva, este artigo pretende apresentar uma análise de dimensão histórica de algumas das ações exercidas pelo médico sanitarista Walter Leser à frente da Secretária da Saúde do estado de São Paulo entre os anos 1967 e 1970, em seu primeiro período, e entre os anos 1975 e 1979, em seu segundo período. Neste último é que, de fato, realizaram-se ações no sentido de implementar a Reforma Sanitária Leser, como ficou, ao final, denominada essa iniciativa paulista. Neste artigo recupera-se a relevância dessas ações, quer no sentido de reorganização da máquina pública de saúde pública quer para a abertura contextual ao movimento de saúde coletiva paulista, que se organizou, sobretudo, por dentro da máquina pública estadual do período. Considera-se que a Reforma Leser teve grande repercussão na constituição especialmente da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) e em sua consolidação como nível de atenção que viria a ser considerado eixo de grande relevância na proposição e implantação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) a partir de 1988. No entanto, a política pública que definiu a APS na Reforma Leser como um determinado modelo assistencial, a Programação em Saúde, teve uma existência histórica bastante curta.

Abstract As part of a study on the history of public health in São Paulo, aiming at identifying and debating regional peculiarities on the creation and consolidation of public health, this article intends to present a historical dimension analysis on some of the actions carried out by the sanitary physician Walter Leser, in charge of the Secretary of Health in the state of São Paulo between 1967 and 1970, in the first period, and between 1975 and 1979, in the second period. It was, in fact, in this last period that actions were undertaken to implement the Leser Sanitary Reform, as was named, at the end, this São Paulo initiative. This article recovers the relevance of these actions, both in the sense of reorganization of the government's public health machinery and for the contextual opening to the public health movement of São Paulo, which was organized, above all, within the state government's machinery of the period. It is considered that the Leser Reform has had a relevant impact especially in the constitution of Primary Health Care (PHC) and in its consolidation as an important level for the health system, as it would be considered in the proposal and implementation of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) after 1988. However, the public policy that defined the PHC under the Leser Reform as a certain care model, the Programação em Saúde, had a very short historical existence.

O discurso de Antônio Carlos Pacheco e Silva sobre a psicanálise: São Paulo, 1926-1979 / Pacheco e Silva's discourse over psychoanalysis: São Paulo, 1926-1979

Resumo Qualquer estudioso da história do campo psi reconhece a dimensão das tensões existentes entre psicanálise e psiquiatria. Ao mesmo tempo, a perspectiva histórica nos mostra interligações e influências mútuas nos planos teóricos, práticos, institucionais e políticos entre essas disciplinas. No caso paulista, Antônio Carlos Pacheco e Silva (1898-1988) influenciou gerações de psiquiatras formadas nas escolas de psiquiatria que chefiou entre 1923-1968. Sua história tem sido estudada sob diferentes perspectivas, havendo uma lacuna sobre sua posição com relação à psicanálise. Este artigo procura rever essa lacuna histórica, baseando-se na análise dos documentos do próprio psiquiatra sobre a psicanálise, que demonstram objetivamente sua posição. Pretendemos, com isso, contribuir para a compreensão da história do campo psi em São Paulo.

Abstract Any Psychology scholar would recognize the extent of existing tensions between Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry. At the same time, the historical perspective shows us interconnections and mutual influences in the theoretical, practical, institutional and political planes between these disciplines. In the case of São Paulo, Antônio Carlos Pacheco e Silva (1898-1988) influenced generations of psychiatrists graduated in Psychiatry schools that he directed between 1923-1968. His history has been studied from different perspectives, with a gap on his stance with regard to Psychoanalysis. This article aims to review this historical gap, being based on the analysis of the psychiatrist's own papers about Psychoanalysis. We seek to contribute to the understanding of the history of the Psychology field in São Paulo.

Rhodococcus equi pVAPN type causing pneumonia in a dog coinfected with canine morbillivirus (distemper virus) and Toxoplasma gondii.

Canine morbillivirus (previously, canine distemper virus, CDV) is a highly contagious infectious disease-causing agent that produces immunosuppressive infections and multiple clinical signs. Canine toxoplasmosis is an opportunistic disease characterized by enteric, pulmonary, and neuromuscular signs that might be confused with CDV-induced infections. Rhodococcus equi is a Gram-positive intracellular facultative bacterium that is also opportunistic in nature, and causes pyogranulomatous infections in humans and multiple host animals, although canine rhodococcosis is rare or unrecognized. The pathogenicity of R. equi is intimately related to the presence of plasmid-encoded virulence-associated proteins (Vap). Three host-adapted virulence plasmid types of R. equi have been recognized: the circular pVAPA and pVAPB are associated with equine and porcine strains, respectively, and the recently detected linear pVAPN virulence plasmid is related to bovine isolates. Nevertheless, data regarding the detection of host-adapted virulence plasmid types of R. equi isolated from companion animals are scarce. This report describes a case of an uncommon coinfection due to R. equi, T. gondii and CDV, which was diagnosed in a pet dog with respiratory distress. In this case, CDV most likely induced immunosuppression, which facilitated opportunistic infections by R. equi and T. gondii. The analysis of the virulence profile of R. equi revealed the novel pVAPN plasmid type, initially related to bovine strains. This is the second report of the bovine-associated pVAPN type in a pet dog, with an unusual coinfection with T. gondii and CDV. These findings represent a public health concern due to the close contact between pet animals and their owners, particularly because the pVAPN plasmid type was recently detected in people with HIV/AIDS from the same geographical region.

The concept of health in Collective Health: contributions from social and historical critique of scientific production / O conceito de saúde na Saúde Coletiva: contribuições a partir da crítica social e histórica da produção científica

Abstract This study aimed to understand the concept of health within Collective Health. Our analysis starts from Marxism as a theoretical reference, both to define what is a "concept" and to understand the critical thinking of Collective Health. As empirical research the bibliographic production of the main journals that bring together Collective Health publications as a knowledge area was used, which resulted in 34 papers that somehow treated the concept of health, even if it was not the main object of the study. From this analysis we identified at least three different modalities of definitions, which varied both in the referential basis used to apprehend and analyze empirical realities concerning health, and in the conceptualization of social that could be in this analysis. We have also identified that the papers ranged between a production that was strictly descriptive of these empirical realities and strictly theoretical essays, rather than to produce a concrete (empirical) thought based on the elected definition of social. It was concluded that within Health Collective the concept of health has been taken, in general, either as a notion (a partial approximation of the object) or as a motto, from an ethical-political engagement that ends up relegating the theoretical-conceptual contribution to the background.

Resumo A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender qual é o conceito de saúde dentro da Saúde Coletiva. Nossa análise parte do marxismo como referencial teórico, tanto para definir o que é um "conceito" quanto para compreender o pensamento crítico da Saúde Coletiva. Como pesquisa empírica, usou-se a produção bibliográfica dos principais periódicos que reúnem publicações da Saúde Coletiva enquanto área de conhecimento, o que resultou em 34 artigos que tratavam, de alguma forma, do conceito de saúde, mesmo que não fosse o objeto principal do trabalho. Dessa análise identificamos ao menos três distintas modalidades de definições, que variaram tanto na base referencial usada para apreender e analisar realidades empíricas concernentes à saúde quanto na conceituação de social que poderia estar nessa análise - também se identificando que os artigos mais oscilaram entre uma produção estritamente descritiva dessas realidades empíricas e ensaios estritamente teóricos do que produziram um particular concreto (empírico) pensado com base na definição de social eleita. Concluiu-se que dentro da Saúde Coletiva o conceito de saúde tem sido tomado, em grande parte, ou como noção (uma aproximação parcial do objeto) ou como um lema, a partir de um engajamento ético-político que acaba relegando a contribuição teórico-conceitual a segundo plano.

História crítica da hipnose na psiquiatria da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil, entre 1930-1970 / Critical history of hypnosis in psychiatry in the School of Medicine at the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, between 1930 and 1970 (abstract: p. 14) / Historia crítica de la hipnosis en la psiquiatría de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de São Paulo, Brasil, entre 1930-1970 (resumen: p. 14)

O artigo apresentado tem como objetivo o estudo histórico do uso da hipnose, compreendida como prática clínica, na Clínica Psiquiátrica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, entre os anos de 1930-1970. A transição da psiquiatria paulista nesse período, quando se deu a mudança das atividades do Hospital do Juqueri para a Faculdade de Medicina-USP, apoiou-se decisivamente no poder simbólico do discurso psiquiátrico, que tomou o axioma "ser científico" como filtro valorativo para apreciar ou depreciar determinadas práticas. Exemplarmente, a hipnose permaneceu imune ao crivo "científico" desses mesmos psiquiatras, que a adotavam como prática clínica sem submetê-la ao mesmo escrutínio aplicado a outras práticas, especialmente a psicoterapia psicanalítica. Por meio de documentos produzidos na época analisada, busca-se identificar o teor desses discursos psiquiátricos, imbuídos de sua dimensão considerada científica, redundando como estratégia de manutenção ou não de certas práticas, como foi o da hipnose.

The objective of this study was to analyze the history of the use of hypnosis, as a clinical practice, in the Psychiatric Clinic of the School of Medicine, at the University of São Paulo (USP), between 1930 and 1970. There was a transition in psychiatry in São Paulo in this period, when the activities of the Juqueri Hospital were transferred to the School of Medicine at USP. This was decisively supported on the symbolic power of the psychiatric speech, which took over the axiom "scientific being" as an evaluative filter to appreciate or depreciate certain practices. Hypnosis remained immune to the "scientific" sieve of the same psychiatrists who adopted it as a clinical practice without submitting it to the same scrutiny applied to other practices, especially psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. By means of documents produced in the analyzed period, the authors aimed at identifying the thrust of these psychiatric speeches, pervaded with their so-called scientific dimension, which culminated in a strategy to either keep or not keep certain practices, such as hypnosis.

El objetivo del artículo presentado es el estudio histórico del uso de la hipnosis, entendida como práctica clínica, en la Clínica Psiquiátrica de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de São Paulo entre los años de 1930-1970. La transición de la psiquiatría de São Paulo en ese período cuando hubo el cambio de las actividades del hospital de Juqueri para la Facultad de Medicina-USP, se apoyó decisivamente en el poder simbólico del discurso psiquiátrico que asumió el axioma de "ser científico" como filtro de valor para apreciar o despreciar determinadas prácticas. Ejemplarmente, la hipnosis permaneció inmune al filtro "científico" de esos mismos psiquiatras que la adoptaban como práctica clínica sin someterla al mismo escrutinio aplicado a otras prácticas, especialmente a la psicoterapia psicoanalítica. Por medio de documentos producidos en la época analizada se busca identificar el tenor de esos discursos psiquiátricos, imbuidos de su dimensión considerada científica, resultando como estrategia de mantenimiento o no de determinadas prácticas, como fue la hipnosis.

Entre o particular e o geral: a constituição de uma "loucura negra" no Hospício de Juquery em São Paulo, Brasil - 1898-1920 / Between the particular and the general: constitution of "black madness" in the Hospice of Juquery, São Paulo, Brazil - 1898-1920 / Entre lo particular y lo general: la constitución de una "locura negra" en el Manicomio de Juquery en São Paulo, Brasil - 1898-1920

Em uma perspectiva sócio-histórica, o artigo discute a problematização da questão racial realizada pelo saber psiquiátrico pela análise da produção científica do Hospício do Juquery, e de sua forma de operação cotidiana pelo registro de suas práticas asilares. O período estudado, de 1898 a 1920, compreende a criação da instituição e gestão de Franco da Rocha, seu fundador, momento em que ganha corpo o debate sobre o homem livre e sua significação na formação nacional. As fontes do texto são os prontuários médicos da população internada, os registros e a produção científica da instituição no período enfocado.(AU)

Based on a socio-historical perspective, the present article discusses the problematization of the race issue in psychiatric knowledge by analyzing the scientific production developed by the Hospice of Juquery and its daily operations, through access to records of its asylum practices. The studied period, 1898 to 1920, includes the creation of the institution and its management under Franco da Rocha, its founder, a time when the debate about the free man and its significance to the nation's formation began to take shape. The source text was extracted from the clinical medical histories of inpatients, as well as the records and scientific production developed by the institution during the studied period.(AU)

En una perspectiva sociohistórica, el artículo discute la problematización de la cuestión racial realizada por el saber psiquiátrico por el análisis de la producción científica del manicomio de Juquery y de su forma de operación cotidiana por el registro de sus prácticas de asilo. El período estudiado, de 1898 a 1920, incluye la creación de la institución y gestión de Franco da Rocha, su fundador, momento en el que adquiere cuerpo el debate sobre el hombre libre y su significación en la formación nacional. Las fuentes de texto son las fichas médicas de la población internada, los registros y la producción científica de la institución en el período de estudio.(AU)

Immunohistochemical Expression of Melatonin Receptor MT1 and Glucose Transporter GLUT1 in Human Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. Even after diagnosis, the prognosis cannot be concluded since patients can develop resistance to therapy, which favors tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. In recent years, research has focused on identifying significant markers that can be used to determine the prognosis. Melatonin can act through G protein- coupled MT1 receptor, which controls selected protein kinases, influences the levels of transcription factor phosphorylation, specific genes expression, proliferation, angiogenesis, cell differentiation, migration, and indirectly controls the transport of glucose in cancer cells. It is known that glucose enters the cells by glucose transporters, such as GLUT1 which shows wide tissue distribution and appears to be altered in human breast carcinoma. High GLUT1 expression is associated with increased malignant potential, invasiveness and poor prognosis in some cancers including breast cancer. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of MT1 receptor and GLUT1 in breast tumors and correlate with molecular subtypes and prognostic characteristics. METHOD: Protein expression was performed by an immunohistochemical procedure with specific antibodies and positive and negative controls. RESULTS: We found that MT1 high expression was associated with good prognosis subtype (Luminal A), while GLUT1 high expression was related to poor prognosis subtype (triple-negative). In addition, we found high expression of MT1 in ER+ and the inverse in GLUT1 expression. GLUT1 is also highly expressed in tumor ≥20mm. CONCLUSION: These results indicate MT1 and GLUT1 as potential targets for breast cancer subtypes and prognosis.