In vitro comparison of one-step, two-step, and three-step polishing systems on the surface roughness and gloss of different resin composites.

OBJECTIVES: This laboratory study evaluated the effect of three polishing systems on the surface roughness and gloss of resin composites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty specimens (6 mm Ø × 8 mm) were fabricated from each of three resin composites: Z 350 XT (nanofill), Harmonize (nanohybrid), and Estelite Omega (supranonofill). All specimens were photopolymerized using a multi-peak LED curing unit (VALO-Standard mode), having a exitance irradiance of approximately 1000 mW/cm2 against a polyester strip (PS). 2 mm was then removed from the irradiated end (finished) using #320 abrasive paper (F). Specimens were then randomly polished (P) using a one-step (1S) (OneGloss), two-step (2S) (EVE Diacomp Twist Basic CA), or 3-step (3S) (Astropol P) system (n = 10). For PS, F, and P groups, surface roughness (Ra) was measured using a surface roughness tester, and surface gloss was measured with a glossmeter. For each specimen, the percent recovery to the PS value (%R) of surface roughness and surface gloss were calculated. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test. Surface roughness and gloss values were submitted to Pearson's correlation test (α = 0.05). All statistical testing was performed using a pre-set alpha of 0.05. RESULTS: The interaction term [resin composite × polishing system] was significant for both surface roughness (p = 0.001) and gloss (p = 0.0001). For all resin composites, the 2S and 3S systems provided a higher %R of surface roughness and gloss compared to those of the 1S system. There was a negative correlation between surface roughness and gloss, but only a few combinations showed strong correlations. CONCLUSIONS: The 2S and 3S polishing systems provided surfaces having greater smoothness and gloss compared to the 1S system. The ability to recover surface roughness and gloss was dependent on type of resin composite filler classification. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The 3S and 2S polishing systems were more effective in achieving PS values than was the 1S system for all tested resin composites. However, individual polishing systems performed differently depending on type of resin composite.

Effectiveness of ultrasonic activation associated to glycolic acid on smear layer removal, dentin structure and bond strength to root dentin

This study evaluated the effects of ultrasonic activation (US) associated to glycolic acid (GA) on smear layer, dentin structure and bond strength (BS) of filling/restorative material to root dentin. The roots were used for antimicrobial activity, dentin structure and BS evaluation, being distributed into seven groups, according to irrigation protocols: G1:DW+US; G2:17% EDTA; G3:QMix; G4:17% GA; G5:17% EDTA+US; G6:QMix+US; G7:17% GA+US. Scanning electronic microscopy, transmission electronic microscopy and push-out were performed, with specific statistical analysis for each evaluation. The highest smear layer removal occured in Groups 6 and 7 (p<0.05), and the largest collagen dispersion in Group 7, being similar to Group 2 and 5 (p>0.05). The highest BS of filling and restorative material occurred in Groups 6 and 7, and Groups 5, 6 and 7, respectively, being similars between them (p>0.05). The use of GA+US promoted effective smear layer removal and dentin structure preservation, improving the BS of filling/restorative material to root dentin.

Disinfection of Orthodontic Elastomers and Its Effects on Tensile Strength.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of different disinfection protocols on the mechanical properties of orthodontic elastomeric ligatures (EL), an important issue to biosafety improvement and infection control, and to avoid cross-contamination. METHODS: A total of 120 EL were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups (n = 20) according to the disinfection method employed: group 1, EL were not immersed in a disinfectant solution (control group); group 2, EL were immersed in 2% glutaraldehyde; group 3, EL were immersed in 70% alcohol solution; group 4, EL were cleaned in an ultrasound washing (UW) machine by immersion in 0.5% enzyme detergent solution; group 5, UW procedure was performed, followed by immersion in 2% glutaraldehyde; Group 6, UW procedure was performed, followed by immersion in 70% alcohol. After disinfection, EL were subjected to a tensile strength test where the maximum strength, maximum elongation, and work at failure were determined. Data were statistically evaluated using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett's t-test for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: Statistically significant different (P < .05) values were found between the disinfection methods, and 70% alcohol showed negative changes in all mechanical properties of orthodontic elastomers. By contrast, 2% glutaraldehyde did not show significant alteration in mechanical properties, whereas the UW procedure showed significant alteration in maximum strength and work at failure. CONCLUSION: Of the tested substances for disinfection, 2% glutaraldehyde was the only substance that did not cause significant changes in the mechanical properties of orthodontic elastics and is considered as an alternative for elastic disinfection before its use.

Uso de profilaxia pós-exposição para o HIV na população jovem: revisão integrativa / Use of post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV in young people: an integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo identificar o uso da profilaxia pós-exposição para HIV na população jovem em contexto de comportamento sexual de risco. Métodos trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, com busca nas bases LILACS, MEDLINE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, SciELO e COCHRANE, utilizando os descritores principais: HIV, HIV Infections, Health Education, Technology e Post-Exposure Prophylaxis relacionados por meio dos operadores booleanos AND e OR. Resultados contemplaram a amostra final 16 estudos, implementados majoritariamente com homens que fazem sexo com homens. Os artigos foram classificados e analisados a partir das categorias: avaliação de conhecimento; barreiras/desafios para adesão à profilaxia pós-exposição; população usuária da profilaxia pós-exposição; e tecnologias educativas. Conclusão a não adesão esteve relacionada ao desconhecimento de informações básicas como indicação da profilaxia pós-exposição, local de fornecimento, posologia e efeitos colaterais. Contribuições para a prática: síntese do conhecimento sobre o uso da profilaxia pós-exposição por jovens. Além de incrementar pesquisas que versem sobre jovens em contexto de comportamento sexual de risco, principalmente, no âmbito da enfermagem, subsidia a elaboração de estratégias de educação em saúde.

ABSTRACT Objective to identify the use of post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV in young people in the context of sexual risk behavior. Methods this is an integrative review, with search in LILACS, MEDLINE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, SciELO and COCHRANE, using the main descriptors: HIV, HIV Infections, Health Education, Technology and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis related through the Boolean operators AND and OR. Results the final sample included 16 studies, mostly implemented with men who have sex with men. The articles were classified and analyzed from the categories: knowledge assessment; barriers/challenges to adherence to post-exposure prophylaxis; population using post-exposure prophylaxis; and educational technologies. Conclusion non-adherence was related to the ignorance of basic information such as the indication of post-exposure prophylaxis, place of delivery, dosage, and side effects. Contributions to practice synthesis of knowledge about the use of post-exposure prophylaxis by young people. In addition to increasing research on young people in the context of risky sexual behavior, especially in the nursing field, it subsidizes the development of health education strategies.

Snakebite in Tocantins: ecological analysis of determinants and risk areas, 2007- 2015. / Ofidismo no Tocantins: análise ecológica de determinantes e áreas de risco, 2007-2015.

Objective To investigate the epidemiological profile of snakebite accident cases, their determinants and risk areas in the state of Tocantins. Methods This was an ecological study using data from the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System, from 2007 to 2015. Multiple linear regression and the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. Results A total of 7,764 snakebite accidents were reported (incidence: 62.1/100,000 inhab.; lethality: 0.5%). The variables associated with snakebite were population density (Coeff.=1.36, 95%CI 0.72;1.99), farming work (Coeff.=0.02, 95%CI 0.01;0.03), municipal human development index (Coeff.=2.99 - 95%CI 0.60;5.38), area planted with cassava (Coeff.=8.49 - 95%CI 1.66;15.32), indigenous population (Coeff.=0,02 - 95%CI 0.00; 0.04), proportion of illiterate people (Coeff.=4.70 - 95%CI 0.61;8.79) and employed people (Coeff.=3.00 - 95%CI 0.93;5,06), which together accounted for 64.48% of the variation. The high-risk areas were Amor Perfect, Cantão, Cerrado Tocantins Araguaia and Mid-North Araguaia health regions. Conclusion Municipal socioeconomic and demographic aspects were associated with snakebites.

Snakebite in Tocantins: ecological analysis of determinants and risk areas, 2007- 2015 / Ofidismo en Tocantins: análisis ecológico de determinantes y áreas de riesgo, 2007- 2015 / Ofidismo no Tocantins: análise ecológica de determinantes e áreas de risco, 2007-2015

Objective. To investigate the epidemiological profile affected by snakebite, their determinants and risk areas, in the state of Tocantins. Methods. Ecological study with data from the Notifiable Disease Information System, from 2007 to 2015. Linear regression of tests and Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. Results. 7,764 snakebite were reported (incidence: 62.1/100,000 inhab.; lethality: 0.5%). The variables associated with snakebite were demographic density (Coeff.=1.36, 95%CI 0.72;1.99), agricultural work (Coeff.=0.02, 95%CI 0.01;0.03), Index of Municipal Human Development (Coeff.=2.99 ­ 95%CI 0.60;5.38), cassava cultivated area (Coeff.=8.49 ­ 95%CI 1.66;15.32), indigenous population (Coeff.=0,02 ­ 95%CI 0.00; 0.04), proportion of the illiterate population (Coeff.=4.70 ­ 95%CI 0.61;8.79) and employed (Coeff.=3.00 ­ 95%CI 0.93;5,06), which explained 64.48% of the variation. The high-risk areas were Amor Perfect, Cantão, Cerrado Tocantins Araguaia and Middle North Araguaia health regions. Conclusion. Municipal socioeconomic and demographic aspects associated with snakebites.

Objetivo. Investigar o perfil dos casos de acidentes ofídicos, seus determinantes e áreas de risco no estado do Tocantins. Métodos. Estudo ecológico, com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravo de Notificação do período 2007-2015. Empregou-se regressão linear múltipla e os testes Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados. Foram notificados 7.764 acidentes ofídicos (incidência de 62,1/100 mil habitantes; letalidade de 0,5%). As variáveis associadas ao ofidismo foram densidade demográfica (Coef.=1,36 ­ IC95%0,72;1,99), trabalho agropecuário (Coef.=0,02 ­ IC95%0,01;0,03), índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal (Coef.=2,99 ­ IC95%0,60;5,38), área cultivada de mandioca (Coef.=8,49 ­ IC95%1,66;15,32), população indígena (Coef.=0,02 ­ IC95%0,00;0,04), proporção de população analfabeta (Coef.=4,70 ­ IC95%0,61;8,79) e população empregada (Coef.=3,00 ­ IC95%0,93;5,06), que explicaram 64,48% da variação. As áreas de alto risco foram as regiões de saúde Amor Perfeito, Cantão, Cerrado Tocantins Araguaia e Médio Norte Araguaia. Conclusão. Aspectos socioeconômicos e demográficos municipais associaram-se ao ofidismo.

Associated factors from loss productivity among people involved in road traffic accident: a prospective study. / Fatores associados à perda de produtividade em pessoas envolvidas em acidentes de trânsito: um estudo prospectivo.

OBJECTIVE: To study associated factors with loss productivity in people involved road traffic accidents (RTA). METHODS: The population based cohort study was conducted in Jequié, Brazil between 2013 to 2015. The instrument for interview was used in people involved in RTA and interview in four months. Individuals, occupational, health conditions, injury and support variables were used for bivariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence was loss productivity was 61.1% and density incidence of 7.45 cases/100 person-month. Multivariate analysis showed association for injury (IDR = 4.23; 95%CI = 2.90 - 6.17) and vehicle used with work instrument (IDR = 2.80; 95%CI = 1.62 - 4.85). CONCLUSION: Public policies are needed to ensure traffic safety in order to minimize the effects of RTA about productivity and to carry news studies to expand knowledge about loss productivity.

OBJETIVO: Estudar fatores associados à perda de produtividade em pessoas envolvidas em acidentes de trânsito (AT). MÉTODOS: Realizou-se uma coorte prospectiva de base comunitária no município de Jequié, Bahia, Brasil, entre 2013 e 2015. Foi aplicado instrumento de coleta em forma de formulário em participantes que se envolviam em AT, seguido de entrevistas a cada quatro meses. Investigou-se, por meio da análise bivariada e multivariável, a associação entre perda de produtividade e variáveis sociodemográficas e ocupacionais, condições de saúde e gravidade das lesões. RESULTADOS: Observaram-se incidência cumulativa de perda de produtividade de 61,1% e densidade de incidência geral de 7,45 casos/100 pessoas/mês. A análise multivariável demonstrou associação com perda de produtividade para quem utilizava o veículo como instrumento de trabalho (razão de densidade de incidência - RDI = 4,23; intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) = 2,90 - 6,17) e aqueles que apresentaram lesão corporal (RDI = 2,80; IC95% = 1,62 - 4,85). CONCLUSÃO: São necessárias políticas públicas que assegurem a segurança no trânsito a fim de minimizar os efeitos dos AT sobre a produtividade, além da realização de novos estudos na área para ampliar o conhecimento sobre o tema.

Factors associated with traffic accidents among drivers: findings from a population-based study. / Fatores associados a acidentes de trânsito entre condutores de veículos: achados de um estudo de base populacional.

This study aimed to identify associated factors with drivers' involvement in traffic accidents (TA). Thus, in 2013, a household survey was conducted with 1,406 drivers in Jequié, Bahia, Brazil. A hierarchical conceptual model was established and consisted of four blocks of exposure factors, considering the proximal-distal relationships between them and the outcome. Multilevel logistic regression was applied to estimate the Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI). Higher TA probability was observed among drivers aged 15-29 years (OR=3.15; 95%CI 1.24-8.02), with black or brown skin color (OR=1.56; 95%CI 1.03-2.35), motorcyclists (OR=1.73; 95%CI 1.15-2.60), with a history of traffic tickets (OR=1.75; 95%CI 1.04-2.94), who reported drinking and driving (OR=1.68; 95%CI 1.12-2.53) and used cell phone while driving (OR=1.63; 95%CI 1.09-2.43). Proximal factors changed the exposure association measures concerning higher levels of determination of the hierarchical model, mainly regarding the gender variable. The results emphasize the behavioral factors and reaffirm the TAs' preventable potential due to the occurrence of avoidable conditions associated with the outcome.

O estudo teve por objetivo identificar fatores associados ao envolvimento em acidentes de trânsito (AT) entre condutores de veículos. Para isso, realizou-se inquérito domiciliar na cidade de Jequié, Bahia, em 2013, com 1.406 condutores. Elaborou-se um modelo conceitual hierarquizado composto por quatro blocos de fatores de exposição, considerando as relações proximais-distais entre estes e o desfecho. Foi empregado modelo de regressão logística multinível para as estimativas de Razão de Chances (RC) e Intervalos de Confiança a 95% (IC95%). Observou-se maior chance de AT entre condutores de 15 a 29 anos (RC=3,15; IC95% 1,24-8,02); de cor da pele preta ou parda (RC=1,56; IC95% 1,03-2,35); motociclistas (RC=1,73; IC95% 1,15-2,60); com antecedentes de multa no trânsito (RC=1,75; IC95% 1,04-2,94); que referiram beber e dirigir (RC=1,68; IC95% 1,12-2,53) e usar telefone celular durante a condução (RC=1,63; IC95% 1,09-2,43). Os fatores proximais modificaram as medidas de associação das exposições dos níveis superiores do modelo hierarquizado, principalmente da variável sexo. Os resultados enfatizam os fatores comportamentais e ratificam o potencial de prevenção dos AT, em virtude da ocorrência de condições evitáveis associadas ao desfecho.

Fatores associados a acidentes de trânsito entre condutores de veículos: achados de um estudo de base populacional / Factors associated with traffic accidents among drivers: findings from a population-based study

Resumo O estudo teve por objetivo identificar fatores associados ao envolvimento em acidentes de trânsito (AT) entre condutores de veículos. Para isso, realizou-se inquérito domiciliar na cidade de Jequié, Bahia, em 2013, com 1.406 condutores. Elaborou-se um modelo conceitual hierarquizado composto por quatro blocos de fatores de exposição, considerando as relações proximais-distais entre estes e o desfecho. Foi empregado modelo de regressão logística multinível para as estimativas de Razão de Chances (RC) e Intervalos de Confiança a 95% (IC95%). Observou-se maior chance de AT entre condutores de 15 a 29 anos (RC=3,15; IC95% 1,24-8,02); de cor da pele preta ou parda (RC=1,56; IC95% 1,03-2,35); motociclistas (RC=1,73; IC95% 1,15-2,60); com antecedentes de multa no trânsito (RC=1,75; IC95% 1,04-2,94); que referiram beber e dirigir (RC=1,68; IC95% 1,12-2,53) e usar telefone celular durante a condução (RC=1,63; IC95% 1,09-2,43). Os fatores proximais modificaram as medidas de associação das exposições dos níveis superiores do modelo hierarquizado, principalmente da variável sexo. Os resultados enfatizam os fatores comportamentais e ratificam o potencial de prevenção dos AT, em virtude da ocorrência de condições evitáveis associadas ao desfecho.

Abstract This study aimed to identify associated factors with drivers' involvement in traffic accidents (TA). Thus, in 2013, a household survey was conducted with 1,406 drivers in Jequié, Bahia, Brazil. A hierarchical conceptual model was established and consisted of four blocks of exposure factors, considering the proximal-distal relationships between them and the outcome. Multilevel logistic regression was applied to estimate the Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI). Higher TA probability was observed among drivers aged 15-29 years (OR=3.15; 95%CI 1.24-8.02), with black or brown skin color (OR=1.56; 95%CI 1.03-2.35), motorcyclists (OR=1.73; 95%CI 1.15-2.60), with a history of traffic tickets (OR=1.75; 95%CI 1.04-2.94), who reported drinking and driving (OR=1.68; 95%CI 1.12-2.53) and used cell phone while driving (OR=1.63; 95%CI 1.09-2.43). Proximal factors changed the exposure association measures concerning higher levels of determination of the hierarchical model, mainly regarding the gender variable. The results emphasize the behavioral factors and reaffirm the TAs' preventable potential due to the occurrence of avoidable conditions associated with the outcome.

Productivity costs among people involved in traffic accidents. / Custos de produtividade entre pessoas envolvidas em acidentes de trânsito.

This paper aimed to characterize the productivity costs of people involved in traffic accidents (TA) in a medium-sized municipality. A longitudinal household-based study was conducted from 2013 to 2015. During this period, individuals with TA were interviewed, and followed-up and costs of productivity were calculated. The measured and estimated values were considered for the calculation of the gross and per capita values and facilitated the establishment of costs of lost productivity (days off work) and costs of return to productivity (health professionals, medication, transportation, auxiliary devices and vehicle repair). It was shown that the costs of loss were more significant against the costs of return. Among the items that underpin the return to productivity, higher costs were observed in men, young adults, drivers, users of two-wheeled vehicles, people with public employment relationships, intermediate age groups and fracture-type injuries. It is necessary to evaluate and target the stages of recovery of those involved to minimize the social burden generated by these events.

Este artigo objetivou caracterizar os custos de produtividade de pessoas envolvidas em acidente de trânsito (AT) em um município de médio porte. Um estudo longitudinal de base domiciliar foi realizado entre 2013 e 2015. Neste período, foram entrevistados e acompanhados indivíduos com AT e calculados os custos de produtividade. Os valores mensurados e estimados foram considerados para cálculo dos valores brutos e per capita e ajudaram a constituir os custos de perda de produtividade (dias sem trabalhar) e custos de retorno à produtividade (profissionais de saúde, medicamentos, transporte, dispositivos auxiliares e reparo de veículos). Demonstrou-se que os custos de perda foram maiores em relação aos custos de retorno. Entre os itens que compõem os de retorno à produtividade, observaram-se maiores custos em homens, adultos jovens, condutores, usuários de veículos de duas rodas, pessoas com vínculo público, em faixas etárias intermediárias e lesões do tipo fratura. São necessárias a avaliação e o direcionamento nos estágios de recuperação dos envolvidos a fim de minimizar o ônus social gerado por estes eventos.

Custos de produtividade entre pessoas envolvidas em acidentes de trânsito / Productivity costs among people involved in traffic accidents

Resumo Este artigo objetivou caracterizar os custos de produtividade de pessoas envolvidas em acidente de trânsito (AT) em um município de médio porte. Um estudo longitudinal de base domiciliar foi realizado entre 2013 e 2015. Neste período, foram entrevistados e acompanhados indivíduos com AT e calculados os custos de produtividade. Os valores mensurados e estimados foram considerados para cálculo dos valores brutos e per capita e ajudaram a constituir os custos de perda de produtividade (dias sem trabalhar) e custos de retorno à produtividade (profissionais de saúde, medicamentos, transporte, dispositivos auxiliares e reparo de veículos). Demonstrou-se que os custos de perda foram maiores em relação aos custos de retorno. Entre os itens que compõem os de retorno à produtividade, observaram-se maiores custos em homens, adultos jovens, condutores, usuários de veículos de duas rodas, pessoas com vínculo público, em faixas etárias intermediárias e lesões do tipo fratura. São necessárias a avaliação e o direcionamento nos estágios de recuperação dos envolvidos a fim de minimizar o ônus social gerado por estes eventos.

Abstract This paper aimed to characterize the productivity costs of people involved in traffic accidents (TA) in a medium-sized municipality. A longitudinal household-based study was conducted from 2013 to 2015. During this period, individuals with TA were interviewed, and followed-up and costs of productivity were calculated. The measured and estimated values were considered for the calculation of the gross and per capita values and facilitated the establishment of costs of lost productivity (days off work) and costs of return to productivity (health professionals, medication, transportation, auxiliary devices and vehicle repair). It was shown that the costs of loss were more significant against the costs of return. Among the items that underpin the return to productivity, higher costs were observed in men, young adults, drivers, users of two-wheeled vehicles, people with public employment relationships, intermediate age groups and fracture-type injuries. It is necessary to evaluate and target the stages of recovery of those involved to minimize the social burden generated by these events.

Ofidismo no Tocantins: análise ecológica de determinantes e áreas de risco, 2007-2015 / Ofidismo en Tocantins: análisis ecológico de determinantes y áreas de riesgo, 2007- 2015 / Snakebite in Tocantins: ecological analysis of determinants and risk areas, 2007- 2015

Objetivo: Investigar o perfil dos casos de acidentes ofídicos, seus determinantes e áreas de risco no estado do Tocantins. Métodos: Estudo ecológico, com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do período 2007-2015. Empregou-se regressão linear múltipla e os testes Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: Foram notificados 7.764 acidentes ofídicos (incidência de 62,1/100 mil habitantes; letalidade de 0,5%). As variáveis associadas ao ofidismo foram densidade demográfica (Coef.=1,36 - IC95% 0,72;1,99), trabalho agropecuário (Coef.=0,02 - IC95% 0,01;0,03), índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal (Coef.=2,99 - IC95% 0,60;5,38), área cultivada de mandioca (Coef.=8,49 - IC95% 1,66;15,32), população indígena (Coef.=0,02 - IC95% 0,00;0,04), proporção de população analfabeta (Coef.=4,70 - IC95% 0,61;8,79) e população empregada (Coef.=3,00 - IC95% 0,93;5,06), que explicaram 64,48% da variação. As áreas de alto risco foram as regiões de saúde Amor Perfeito, Cantão, Cerrado Tocantins Araguaia e Médio Norte Araguaia. Conclusão: Aspectos socioeconômicos e demográficos municipais associaram-se ao ofidismo.

Objetivo: Investigar el perfil de accidentes ofídicos, sus determinantes y áreas de riesgo, en el estado de Tocantins. Métodos: Estudio ecológico con datos del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Agravamiento de Notificación, 2007-2015. Se utilizaron pruebas de regresión lineal y pruebas de Mann-Whitney y Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: Se reportaron 7.764 accidentes ofídicos (incidencia: 62,1/100.000 hab.; letalidad: 0,5%). Las variables relacionadas al ofidismo fueron densidad demográfica (Coef.=1,36 - IC95% 0,72;1,99), trabajo agrícola (Coef.=0,02 - IC95% 0,01;0,03), índice de desarrollo humano municipal (Coef.=2,99 - IC95% 0,60;5,38), área cultivada de yuca (Coef.=8,49 - IC95% 1,66;15,32), población indígena (Coef.=0,02 - IC95% 0,00;0,04), proporción de la población analfabeta (Coef.=4,70 - IC95% 0,61;8,79) y empleados (Coef.=3,00 - IC95% 0,93;5,06), explicando 64,48% de la variación. Las áreas de alto riesgo fueron las regiones de salud Amor Perfecto, Cantão, Cerrado Tocantins Araguaia y Medio Norte Araguaia. Conclusión: Aspectos socioeconómicos y demográficos municipales se asociaron con el ofidismo.

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological profile of snakebite accident cases, their determinants and risk areas in the state of Tocantins. Methods: This was an ecological study using data from the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System, from 2007 to 2015. Multiple linear regression and the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. Results: A total of 7,764 snakebite accidents were reported (incidence: 62.1/100,000 inhab.; lethality: 0.5%). The variables associated with snakebite were population density (Coeff.=1.36, 95%CI 0.72;1.99), farming work (Coeff.=0.02, 95%CI 0.01;0.03), municipal human development index (Coeff.=2.99 - 95%CI 0.60;5.38), area planted with cassava (Coeff.=8.49 - 95%CI 1.66;15.32), indigenous population (Coeff.=0,02 - 95%CI 0.00; 0.04), proportion of illiterate people (Coeff.=4.70 - 95%CI 0.61;8.79) and employed people (Coeff.=3.00 - 95%CI 0.93;5,06), which together accounted for 64.48% of the variation. The high-risk areas were Amor Perfect, Cantão, Cerrado Tocantins Araguaia and Mid-North Araguaia health regions. Conclusion: Municipal socioeconomic and demographic aspects were associated with snakebites.

Fatores associados à perda de produtividade em pessoas envolvidas em acidentes de trânsito: um estudo prospectivo / Associated factors from loss productivity among people involved in road traffic accident: a prospective study

RESUMO: Objetivo: Estudar fatores associados à perda de produtividade em pessoas envolvidas em acidentes de trânsito (AT). Métodos: Realizou-se uma coorte prospectiva de base comunitária no município de Jequié, Bahia, Brasil, entre 2013 e 2015. Foi aplicado instrumento de coleta em forma de formulário em participantes que se envolviam em AT, seguido de entrevistas a cada quatro meses. Investigou-se, por meio da análise bivariada e multivariável, a associação entre perda de produtividade e variáveis sociodemográficas e ocupacionais, condições de saúde e gravidade das lesões. Resultados: Observaram-se incidência cumulativa de perda de produtividade de 61,1% e densidade de incidência geral de 7,45 casos/100 pessoas/mês. A análise multivariável demonstrou associação com perda de produtividade para quem utilizava o veículo como instrumento de trabalho (razão de densidade de incidência - RDI = 4,23; intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) = 2,90 - 6,17) e aqueles que apresentaram lesão corporal (RDI = 2,80; IC95% = 1,62 - 4,85). Conclusão: São necessárias políticas públicas que assegurem a segurança no trânsito a fim de minimizar os efeitos dos AT sobre a produtividade, além da realização de novos estudos na área para ampliar o conhecimento sobre o tema.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To study associated factors with loss productivity in people involved road traffic accidents (RTA). Methods: The population based cohort study was conducted in Jequié, Brazil between 2013 to 2015. The instrument for interview was used in people involved in RTA and interview in four months. Individuals, occupational, health conditions, injury and support variables were used for bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: The cumulative incidence was loss productivity was 61.1% and density incidence of 7.45 cases/100 person-month. Multivariate analysis showed association for injury (IDR = 4.23; 95%CI = 2.90 - 6.17) and vehicle used with work instrument (IDR = 2.80; 95%CI = 1.62 - 4.85). Conclusion: Public policies are needed to ensure traffic safety in order to minimize the effects of RTA about productivity and to carry news studies to expand knowledge about loss productivity.

Traffic accidents among drivers: incidence and differences between motorcyclists and car drivers in population-based study. / Acidentes de trânsito com condutores de veículos: incidência e diferenciais entre motociclistas e motoristas em estudo de base populacional.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the incidence of traffic accidents among land vehicle drivers and to verify differences between motorcyclist and car driver accident victims. METHODS: A household survey was conducted in Jequié city, Bahia, Brazil, in 2013, with 1,406 drivers who were selected by cluster sampling strategy. Estimates of the cumulative incidence of traffic accidents were weighted by the sample design and, to compare groups of drivers, incidence rates (IR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated with Poisson Regression. The Chi-Square test were used with Rao-Scott correction (p ≤ 0.05) to evaluate differentials of the event between motorcyclists and car driver victims. RESULTS: Involvement in traffic accidents in the last 12 months before the interview was reported by 10.6% of the drivers. The cumulative incidence was 4.3% for accidents that caused injuries. Motorcyclists had double the risk of being involved in accidents (IR = 2.03; 95%CI 1.40 - 2.94) and higher proportions of injuries (p < 0.001), interruption in daily life activities (p = 0.003) and use of emergency services (p = 0.008). Factors related to time and place of accident were not different between groups. CONCLUSION: Higher incidence of traffic accidents and higher proportions of injuries and others repercussions of these events were seen in motorcyclists. These findings reaffirm the vulnerability of this group and explains the different impact that a preventable cause of morbidity and mortality has on each driver group.

OBJETIVOS: Estimar incidências de acidentes de trânsito entre condutores de veículos a motor e verificar diferenciais do evento entre as vítimas motociclistas e motoristas de automóvel. MÉTODOS: Foi conduzido um inquérito domiciliar no município de Jequié, Bahia, em 2013, com 1.406 condutores selecionados por amostragem por conglomerado. As estimativas de incidência cumulativa de acidentes de trânsito foram ponderadas pelo desenho amostral e, para comparação entre categorias de condutores, foram estimadas razões de incidência (RI) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) com regressão de Poisson. Diferenciais do evento entre vítimas motociclistas e motoristas foram avaliados com teste do χ2 de Rao-Scott (p ≤ 0,05). RESULTADOS: O envolvimento em acidentes de trânsito nos 12 meses anteriores à entrevista foi referido por 10,6% dos condutores. Para acidentes que causaram lesão física, a incidência foi de 4,3%. Motociclistas apresentaram o dobro do risco de envolvimento em acidentes (RI = 2,03; IC95% 1,40 - 2,94) e maiores proporções de lesões (p < 0,001), de interrupção de atividades habituais de vida (p = 0,003) e de atendimento em serviços de emergência (p = 0,008). Fatores relacionados ao tempo e local de ocorrência não se diferenciaram entre grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Maior incidência de acidentes e proporções mais elevadas de lesões e de outras repercussões desses eventos recaíram sobre motociclistas. Tais achados reafirmam a condição de vulnerabilidade desse grupo e explicitam diferentes impactos que uma causa prevenível de morbimortalidade apresenta em cada grupo de condutores.

Exclusive breast-feeding is associated with reduced pacifier sucking in children: Breast-feeding and pacifier-sucking habit.

BACKGROUND: Studies suggest that when children do not achieve the emotional satiety and adequate stimulus provided by breast-feeding, they exhibit sucking behaviors. This study aimed to estimate the association from 4 through 6 months of exclusive breast-feeding (EB) postpartum and pacifier-sucking behavior at 12 months of life. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted with 1,037 infants, born alive and monitored up to 12 months. At 4 and 6 months after birth, the children were classified according to the type of breast-feeding they had received: exclusive, predominant, complementary, or none. The prevalence of pacifier-sucking behavior was calculated, and the association between the 2 events was estimated. Mothers' socioeconomic-demographic characteristics, delivery features, and prenatal care, as well as the biological characteristics of the children, were determined. Relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. RESULTS: In comparison with EB infants, the RR of pacifier-sucking behavior at 12 months of life was higher in children receiving complementary breast-feeding or no breast-feeding for both 4 months (RRadjusted, 1.68 [95% CI, 1.39 to 2.02] and RRadjusted, 2.67 [95% CI, 2.24 to 3.17], respectively) and 6 months (RRadjusted, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.03 to 2.00] and RRadjusted, 3.30 [95% CI, 2.40 to 4.54], respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: EB for 6 months postpartum is associated with reduced pacifier-sucking behavior, adjusted for maternal color, number of prenatal consultations, and family income. Promotion of EB may reduce the use of pacifiers and their potential deleterious effects on oral health. Dental health care professionals should consider discussing the importance of breast-feeding with their patients with regard to the possible development of sucking habits in their children.

Low birth weight and the delay on the eruption of deciduous teething in children / Baixo peso ao nascer e atraso na erupção de dentes decíduos em crianças

Abstract Objectives: To analyze the association between low birth weight (LBW) and the occurrence of the delay on the eruption of deciduous teething (DEDT) in children from 04 to 30 months, living in Salvador, Bahia. Methods: A cross-sectional study involved 520 children at four to thirty months of age, from public, private and philanthropic daycares from two districts in Salvador. A descriptive analysis and unconditional logistic regression were done to estimate the odds ratios (ORs), using the Confidence Interval of 95% as a criterion for accepting associations. Poisson regression was used as an analytical strategy to obtain the prevalence ratio. Results: the prevalence of the delay on the eruption was 10.29%. There was a positive association between LBW and occurrence of DEDT among children with less than 24 months, both in the unadjusted model (PR=2.07, 95%CI= 0.96 4.44) as in the adjusted (adjusted PR=2, 27, 95%CI= 1.02 5.07). Conclusions: the variables of development and nutritional at birth and during the early life may be important predictors of the chronology of eruption. Further investigations should be carried out towards the adequate evaluation of the LBW role in the occurrence of the delay on the eruption.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar a associação entre o Baixo Peso ao Nascer (BPN) e a ocorrência de atraso na erupção da dentição decídua (AED) em crianças de 04 a 30 meses, residentes em Salvador-BA. Métodos: estudo transversal envolvendo 520 crianças que frequentavam creches públicas, privadas e filantrópicas de dois Distritos Sanitários de Salvador-Ba. Procedeu-se a análise descritiva e regressão logística não-condicional para estimação da oddsratios (ORs), empregando-se o Intervalo de Confiança a 95% como critério para aceitar as associações. A regressão de Poisson foi utilizada como estratégia analítica para obtenção da Razão de Prevalência. Resultados: a prevalência de atraso na erupção foi de 10,29%. Verificou-se uma associa-ção positiva entre BPN e ocorrência de AED entre as crianças com menos de 24 meses no modelo bruto (RP=2,07, IC95%= 0,96 4,44) e ajustado (RP ajustada=2,27, IC95%= 1,02 5,07). Conclusões: variáveis de desenvolvimento e nutricionais ao nascimento e durante a vida precoce podem ser importantes preditores do tempo de erupção, sendo necessárias outras investigações para uma adequada avaliação desta associação.

Analysis of the influence of low birth weight on the time of eruption of dental caries in children in early childhood.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the time, in days, from the beginning of the monitoring until the occurrence of dental caries and its association with low birth weight in early childhood. METHODS: This longitudinal study, dynamic cohort type with a study population of 1,109 children from public, private, and philanthropic daycares in Salvador, Bahia. The independent variables considered were sociodemographic, perinatal, and behavioral, such as the type of breastfeeding. Survival analysis was used to estimate the time for the development of caries with the Kaplan-Meier method. The Cox Regression was used on the multivariate analysis to assess the association with low birth weight (LBW). RESULTS: Out of the total of 1,109 children, 419 developed the disease and the median time to the occurrence of caries was approximately 18 months. District of origin, type of daycare, age, skin color, maternal education, family income, living in a home with less than four rooms, breastfeeding habits, the presence of biofilm and of active white spot, and previous caries experience were identified as potential determinants of the time until the occurrence of caries. It was found a positive association between LBW and the time to the development of caries in both the not adjusted (RF = 1.21, 95 percent CI 0.88-1.65) and adjusted model (adjusted RF = 1.52, 95 percent CI 1.01-2.28). CONCLUSION: LBW was associated with dental caries.

Risk factors for caries-free time: longitudinal study in early childhood.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate time in days from the beginning of follow-up up to the development of dental caries in children under 30 months and to assess risk factors potentially affecting the development of the disease. METHODS: The study population of the cohort study were children attending public, private, and charitable day care centers in Salvador, Northeastern Brazil, followed up for fourteen months. We used the multivariate Cox regression to estimate risk and Kaplan-Meier method to estimate the caries-free time. RESULTS: Of the 495 children studied, 112 developed caries (22.6%). Mean caries-free time was 248.6 (SD = 96.2) days. The comparasion of curves by age group (> 24 months) and children attending public day care showed more caries in a shorter period (p < 0.00). The following variables were important risk factors for increased rate of caries: district of origin (HR = 1.88, 95%CI 1.27-2.77), category of day care (HR = 3.88, 95%CI 2.04-7.38), age (HR = 1.77, 95%CI 1.15-2.74), bottle-feeding before sleep time after the age of 12 months (HR = 1.62, 95%CI 1.04-2.51), presence of active white spots (HR = 2.70, 95%CI 1.07-6.80), and living in non-masonry house (HR = 1.68, 95%CI 1.02-2.76). The highest hazard ratio (HR = 4.60, 95%CI 2.80-7.42) was found for previous caries experience. CONCLUSIONS: Social variables were considered as of high risk for the development of dental caries.