ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: A T-helper cell type 1-specific response leads to the elimination of intracellular infection with Brucella. Studies have shown that naloxone (NLX) can promote a cellular immune response in this respect. The current study was carried out to evaluate the induction of protective immunity in mice against brucellosis by vaccination with a combination of NLX, alum, and heat-killed Brucella melitensis 16 M (HKB). METHODS: Mice were categorized into five groups and received intraperitoneal vaccination on Days 0 and 7. Then serum levels of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4, the bacterial load, and the survival rate were measured 2 weeks after the last vaccination. RESULTS: The serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, and immunoglobulin G in the NLX + alum + HKB group were shown to be significantly increased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the lowest bacterial load was observed in this group. The survival rate in groups vaccinated with combinations containing adjuvants was 100%. CONCLUSION: The combination of NLX and alum enhanced the immunogenicity of HKB, which can be used in the vaccination of animals and humans at risk of the disease.
Subject(s)
Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage , Alum Compounds/administration & dosage , Brucella Vaccine/immunology , Brucella melitensis/immunology , Brucellosis/prevention & control , Naloxone/administration & dosage , Vaccination/methods , Animals , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Bacterial Load , Brucella Vaccine/administration & dosage , Brucellosis/immunology , Disease Models, Animal , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Interferon-gamma/blood , Interleukin-4/blood , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Serum/immunology , Serum/microbiology , Survival Analysis , Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage , Vaccines, Inactivated/immunologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Malassezia furfur is a lipophilic yeast that causes skin disease. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the level of IL-10, IFN-γ and IL-12P70 in co-incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with M. furfur grown in the presence of some different types of natural oils. METHODS: PBMCs were obtained from blood samples of normal volunteers. M. furfur was cultured in different culture media containing almond oil, fish oil, walnut oil, full-fat milk, and a fat-free medium; and the yeasts grown were harvested and used for co-incubation with PBMCs in vitro. The IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-12P70 levels were measured at different time intervals using ELISA methods. RESULTS: Generally, IFN-γ and IL-10 levels in the co-incubation of yeasts with walnut oil group (WOG) and fish oil group (FOG) were higher than those in the almond oil group (AOG) and full-fat milk group (FFMG). Although the IL-12P70 was higher in groups such as AOG, FOG, and WOG; the increase was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that the type of fat used by M. furfur in the culture media can influence the immune response and increasesIFN-γ and IL-10 levels in an early time point of the culture system.
