Withdrawal Notice: C-Methylation Of Organic Substrates: A Comprehensive Overview. Part II. Methanol As Methylating Agent. A Case Of Catalysis Versatility

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Migration of plasticizers from poly(vinyl chloride) and multilayer infusion bags using selective extraction and GC-MS.

Flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for the manufacture of medical devices (tubes, probes, bags, primary packaging, etc.). The objective of the present study was to develop a procedure to evaluate the migration potential of nine plastic additives in aqueous infusion bags (NaCl 0.9% and glucose 5%): five phthalates, one adipate, two alkylphenols, and benzophenone. Two types of materials were analyzed: (i) new and outdated plasticized PVC (containing 40% of diethylhexyl phthalate DEHP); and (ii) tri-laminate polyethylene-polyamide-polypropylene, a multilayer material presumably exempt from DEHP. In addition, we evaluated the migration of plasticizers from PVC raw materials (film and grain) under controlled conditions to compare the migration levels according to Regulation 2011/10. Solid phase extraction and liquid-liquid extraction with gas-chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry were used in all tests. The migration of DEHP in PVC grain exceeded the maximum regulated level of 5000 µg/kg, whereas the levels were much lower in films. In new PVC bags, DEHP was the only compound detected at 4.31 ±â€¯0.5 µg/L in NaCl 0.9% and 4.29 ±â€¯0.25 µg/L in glucose 5% serums, whereas the levels increased 10 times in three-year shelf-life bags. In multilayer bags, DEHP was not found but instead, two plasticizers were detected namely dibuthylphthalate (DBP) and diethylphthalate (DEP) at 0.7 ±â€¯0.1 µg/L and 4.14 ±â€¯0.6 µg/L, respectively. These plasticizers are not mentioned as additives allowed in materials intended for parenteral use (European Pharmacopoeia 8.0, 3.1.5. and 3.1.6.). Caprolactam was tentatively identified and could have stemmed from the polyamide of the multilayer composite. The levels of phthalates remained low but not negligible and might constitute a risk to public health in the case of reiterative infusions.

Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Proteinaceous Extract from Algerian Glycine max Plant.

OBJECTIVE: Glycine max is commonly used in Algeria for treatment of anemia deficiency and osteoporosis, it ranks first in terms of vegetal proteins. The experiment was aimed at characterizing the proteinaceous Glycine max extract and evaluating its antioxidant, biological and hematological potential. METHODOLOGY: Extraction of proteinaceous materials from Glycine max plant was undertaken using water and n-hexane as extracting media. The isolation of proteins from the crude materials was done, providing the use of ammonium sulfate. The Glycine max proteins were characterized by UV-visible and FT-IR spectroscopy and analyzed by SEM micrograph and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Rheological parameters G' and G'' were assessed. The isolated proteins were tested for their antioxidant, antimicrobial and hemagglutination activities. RESULTS: There was a gelling effect of the protein extract which can be used as an alternative in principally made vaccines with its microbiological and antifungal activities. CONCLUSION: The proteinaceous extract from Algerian Glycine max would have a potential use in biomedical application.

Microemulsion breakdown by pervaporation technique: effect of the alkyl chain length of n-alkanol, a cosurfactant of the microemulsion.

Two sets of microemulsions, cyclohexane- and water-rich ones, were prepared with the following n-alkanols as cosurfactants: n-propanol, n-butanol, n-pentanol, and n-hexanol. The results showed the influence of the alkyl chain length of the n-alkanol on the permselectivity properties of the pervaporation technique in the breakdown of the microemulsions. The variations of the total flux rate J and the enrichment factor beta were in parallel with the effect of the cosurfactant on the swelling extent of the PDMS membrane.

Use of inverse gas chromatography to account for the pervaporation performance in monitoring the oxidation of primary alcohols.

The oxidation of n-propanol and n-butanol to their corresponding aldehydes was monitored by the pervaporation technique. Mass transfer phenomenon that occurs in the pervaporation process was confirmed by the results of inverse gas chromatography. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a hydrophobic polymer widely employed as a membrane in pervaporation technique, was evaluated as a stationary phase in this study. The retention times of the different molecules probes (n-propanol, n-butanol, propionaldehyde, and butyraldehyde), molecules involved as reactants and products in the oxidation reaction, gave an insight into the extent of the interactions between each of these molecules and the stationary phase. The infinite dilution conditions allowed to measure the infinite dilution activity coefficient, gamma(infinity), and the specific retention volume, V(g)(0), and to estimate the Flory-Huggins parameter interactions, chi(12)(infinity). The magnitudes of these parameters threw some light on the permselectivity of the membranes in the pervaporation operation.

Use of inverse gas chromatography to account for the pervaporation performance in the microemulsion breakdown.

Mass transfer phenomenon that occurs in the pervaporation process when applied to the microemulsion breakdown, was confirmed by the results of inverse gas chromatography. The stationary phase for this study was polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a hydrophobic polymer employed as a membrane in the pervaporation technique. The retention times of the different molecule probes (toluene, cyclohexane, and n-butanol) gave an insight into the extent of the interactions between each of these molecules and the stationary phase; these molecules were the components of the two microemulsions in study. The infinite dilution conditions allowed to determine the thermodynamic and the chromatographic parameters gamma(infinity) (the infinite dilution activity coefficient), the Flory-Huggins parameter interactions X12(infinity), and Vg(0) (the specific retention volume), respectively. The magnitudes of the latter parameters threw some light on the permselectivity of the membrane in the pervaporation operation.