Improving Nutrition Education with Second-Year Medical Students: From Take-Home Assignment to Large-Group Application Exercise.

Augmenting its nutrition education, the Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine Endocrinology course initially used a case-based, take-home assignment on type II diabetes dietary guidelines, with literature search requirement and a module on relevant social determinants of health (SDOH). Course evaluations indicated this assignment did not adequately improve student perceptions of learning. For the subsequent cohort, we changed to a large-group active learning session, requiring one faculty facilitator, where student teams created problem lists including SDOH and reviewed research articles to support evidence-based nutrition recommendations. Survey results indicate that the new session resulted in significantly improved student perceptions of learning. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-021-01342-7.

Demographic Variation in the Frequency of Gliomas in Florida.

Background and objectives: Glial brain cancers affect nearly 20,000 individuals in the United States (USA) annually. SEER database data exploring the relationship between race and gliomas is now available and have shown that cerebral gliomas occur at a higher frequency in Caucasian men. However, such analyses did not include demographic data specific to the state of Florida. This study assessed the association between race and glial vs. non-glial Central Nervous System (CNS) cancers in Florida, USA. Materials and Methods: This case-control study utilized the Florida Cancer Data Registry (FCDS), in which race was considered the exposure and development of glioma as the measured outcome. The sample was comprised of patients in Florida diagnosed with brain tumors from 1981 to 2013. Relative racial frequencies were compared between patients with glial brain tumors and those with other CNS tumors. Data was analyzed using logistic regression in order to determine any associations between race and frequency of diagnosis adjusting for several confounders (age, sex, smoking status, year of diagnosis, and insurance status). Results: Between 1981 and 2013 a total of 14,092 patients meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were diagnosed in Florida with a primary brain tumor. Being of non-white race was associated with 60% decreased odds of glioma diagnosis compared to the reference white population (adjusted OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.34⁻0.47). Secondary findings include associations between increasing age and male sex with increased odds of glioma diagnosis. Decreased adjusted odds of glioma diagnosis were found with former smoking status (reference non-smokers), diagnosis between 2001 and 2010 (reference 1981⁻1990), and Medicaid or Medicare insurance (reference private insurance). Hispanic ethnicity, current smoking status, no insurance/self-pay, and geographical location (urban vs. rural) all had no association with glioma diagnosis. Conclusions: These findings are consistent with and help reinforce previous studies utilizing national databases (SEER) which also showed increasing odds of glioma diagnosis in older white males. Various potential explanations for these findings include genetic predisposition, lifestyle and behavioral factors, and socioeconomic status, including access to healthcare. Future research aims at identifying potential genetic etiologies.

Disparities in Brain Cancer in the United States: A Literature Review of Gliomas.

In the human body, the central regulatory system of homeostasis is maintained by the brain. Its complexity is mesmerizing and many of its functions are largely uncharted. Unfortunately, its functionality is often impaired through neoplastic growths, like gliomas, which are devastating to patients and their families. Annually, gliomas are the most common primary brain tumours affecting over 20,000 people in the United States. However, despite their status as the third most common cause of cancer related death for individuals between ages 20 and 39, the aetiology of gliomas remains unknown. This paper aims to review the latest information regarding the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) 4th edition classifications of gliomas, their malignant effects, and disparities within these classifications, as well as identify areas for further research. These suggestions for future inquiry may contribute to a better understanding of the pathology of these cancers enabling improvement in prevention, screening, and treatment.

Angiotensin II receptor subtype distribution in the rabbit brain.

Previous work has reported that the distribution of AT(1) binding sites in the rabbit brain is similar to that in the rat, but AT(2) binding sites are confined to the septum and cerebellum of the rabbit brain. This receptor autoradiographic study was designed to enhance the detection of angiotensin II binding sites by using greater radioligand concentrations, and to survey the midbrain in more detail than in previous studies. Tissue sections from five rabbit forebrains, three midbrains, and three hindbrains were incubated with 520 pM (125)I-sar(1)ile(8) angiotensin II. The results confirm abundant AT(1) binding in regions involved in cardiovascular and drinking regulation: the nucleus of the solitary tract, ventrolateral medulla, subfornical organ, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, median eminence, and several hypothalamic structures. Novel AT(1) binding sites were discovered in the pituitary, retrorubral field, periolivary region, dorsolateral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, dorsal raphe, and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei. The distribution of AT(1) binding was similar to the distribution of monoaminergic neurons. AT(2) binding was moderately dense and well visualized in the cerebellum. In contrast to the rat, AT(2) binding was not detected in the inferior olive of the rabbit, but lobe 9 of the cerebellum exhibited a banding pattern of AT(2) binding reminiscent of the pattern of neuronal projections from the inferior olive. It is possible that AT(2) protein is observed at different stages of axonal transport between the inferior olive and the cerebellum in the two species. Our results did identify new AT(2) binding sites in the superior colliculus and cerebral cortex, but it is clear that AT(2) binding in the rabbit brain is weak and is not as widely distributed as in the rat.