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1.
Sci Total Environ ; 647: 37-46, 2019 Jan 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30077853

ABSTRACT

Lebanon is facing an increasing water supply deficit due to the increasing demand for freshwater, decreasing surface and groundwater resources and malfunctioning water governance structures. Technological and policy changes are needed to alleviate the impact of water scarcity and secure water in the future. This paper investigates farmers' preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) in a choice experiment for a series of water saving measures at plot and irrigation district level, including more timely information of water delivery. These measures are expected to strengthen water security and use water more efficiently. Farmers are willing to pay higher water prices of $0.32/m3 and $0.22/m3 to support the implementation of water saving measures at plot level and the installation of water metering devices across the irrigation district, respectively. They are not willing to pay extra for obtaining information related to their water delivery earlier in time if this means that they will also have to pay earlier in the year for the water. Farmers with higher income and education levels who decide on their cropping pattern based on expected rainfall data are more interested in taking action than farmers whose cropping decisions are primarily based on last year's sales prices. The study shows that when aiming to design more effective sustainable water management strategies, accounting for farmers' needs and preferences, their age also has to be considered: younger farmers (<40 years) are on average more interested in and willing to pay more for new water saving measures than older farmers (>40 years).

2.
Cir. vasc. angiol ; 11(1): 5-12, mar. 1995. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-165665

ABSTRACT

Entre junho de 1985 e setembro de 1992 foram realizadas 78 fístulas em pacientes portadores de insuficiência renal crônica terminal, distribuídas em dois grupos: 59 fístulas do tipo braquiocefálica, realizadas em 54 pacientes, e 19 fístulas do tipo braquiobasílica com superficializaçäo da veia basílica, executadas em 18 pacientes. As doenças associadas mais frequentes foram a hipertensäo arterial (55,5 por cento em cada grupo) e o diabetes melito (35,2 por cento no grupo de fístula braquiocefálica 38,9 por cento no grupo de fístulas braquiobasílicas). Os grupos foram estudados nos seguintes imediato e analisados em funçäo da perviedade e das complicaçöes. Os resultados mostraram que a complicaçäo pós-operatória mais frequente foi a trombose, presente em 16,9 por cento dos casos no grupo de fístula braquiocefálica e ausente no grupo de fístula braquiobasílica (p=0,0499), no seguimento imediato. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que ambas as técnicas säo alternativas válidas para a manutençä e pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica terminal em programa de hemodiálise, especialmente quando näo há condiçöes de realizaçäo ou de preservaçäo de acesso ao nível do antebraço, pois apresentam poucas complicaçöes e alto índice de perviedade no seguimento imediato de 30 dias.


Subject(s)
Arteriovenous Fistula , Renal Dialysis
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