ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Head circumference (HC) correlates with brain growth and development. However, radiologists typically use their visual impressions to evaluate head dimensions, which is a purely subjective assessment. OBJECTIVE: The first objective of this paper was to analyze whether it is possible to obtain HC measurements by CT and MRI cross-sectional volumetric imaging using parameters similar to the tape measurement method, which is considered the gold standard. The second objective was to determine the most accurate method for characterizing head size: visual impression or imaging measurement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children who underwent HC measurement by tape and with volumetric imaging exams were selected from the Paulo Niemeyer State Brain Institute, Brazil. Two radiologists classified the children's heads using their visual impressions and by direct measurement on imaging. We used anatomical parameters similar to the tape measurement method and appropriate head growth charts and compared the absolute values obtained. RESULTS: The concordance between tape and imaging ranged 52.3-72.7% for visual impression (kappa 0.27-0.55), ≥ 95.5% for CT and ≥ 93.1% for MRI (kappa ≥ 0.92 and ≥ 0.88, respectively). Intraclass correlation coefficients ≥ 0.997 and ≥ 0.996, absolute technical error measurements of 0.20-0.31 cm and 0.24-0.29 cm, and relative technical error measurements of 0.49-0.73% and 0.58-0.70% were evidenced in the intra- and inter-rater evaluations, respectively. The means between the methods were not significantly different (P > 0.05), with high values of Pearson correlation coefficient (≥ 0.99) and Lin concordance correlation coefficient (≥ 0.99). CONCLUSION: Head circumference values obtained by cross-sectional volumetric imaging are similar to those obtained using the tape measurement method (gold standard), with high repeatability and reproducibility. Head size characterization by visual impression is less accurate than head circumference measurement by imaging and plotting the values obtained on World Health Organization normative charts.
Subject(s)
Brain , Head , Child , Humans , Reproducibility of Results , Cross-Sectional Studies , Head/diagnostic imaging , Head/anatomy & histology , Cephalometry/methodsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIM: The use of antimicrobials in the control of mastitis is of concern in public health due to their inefficiency in targeting microorganisms. Studies with medicinal plants have risen as an alternative to the use of conventional products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an experimental disinfectant based on the essential oil (EO) from Lippia origanoides in preventing the development of new intramammary infections (IMI) in Holstein cows. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The conventional protocol of pre- and post-milking was used and the control (Conventional treatment [CNV]) and experimental (Experimental treatment [PEX]) products containing EO at 120 µL/mL were applied by immersion. Individual milk samples were analyzed using sheep blood agar methodologies and biochemical tests. The efficiency of the treatment was defined by the presence or absence of Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus spp. RESULTS: There were no clinical and subclinical mastitis cases, no lesions in the mucosal of teats, nor dirt score between groups in this study. Both treatments did not influence the occurrence of IMI. CONCLUSION: The results revealed that PEX acts efficiently against microorganisms compared to the disinfection by the conventional product demonstrating the efficacy of the alternative product on the prevention of new IMIs in dairy cows.
ABSTRACT
Desde o primeiro relato de doença desmielinizante associada a tumores cerebrais por Scherer em 1938, inúmeros outros relatos de casos foram publicados fazendo associação desta doença com diferentes tumores primários do sistema nervoso central. Nosso trabalho descreve o caso de uma paciente de 23 anos com duas lesões encefálicas biopsiadas, mostrando inicialmente processo inflamatório desmielinizante que no seguimento desenvolve um oligodendroglioma anaplásico. A partir deste caso, realizamos uma revisão da literatura dessa associação específica, primeiramente publicada por Barnard e Jellinek em 1967, e ressaltamos a importância da diferenciação entre a forma desmielinizante tumefativa de uma neoplasia cerebral verdadeira. (AU)
Since the first report of demyelinating disease associated with brain tumors by Scherer in 1938, several other case reports have been published making association of this disease with different primary tumors of the central nervous system. Our paper describes the case of a 23 year old patient with two brain lesions, biopsied, initially showing a demyelinating inflammatory process that in the follow up develops an anaplastic oligodendroglioma. From this case, we conducted a literature review of this specific association, first published by Barnard and Jellinek in 1967, and emphasize the importance of difference in a tumefactive demyelinating lesions between of true brain neoplasm. (AU)
