Stroke related sarcopenia in individuals with different physical activity levels: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Individuals after stroke are likely to deal with the possible development of sarcopenia and reduced physical activity levels. The purpose of this study was to compare sarcopenia of individuals with chronic stroke who were stratified according to their physical activity levels, and to evaluate the relationship between sarcopenia and physical activity levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted with individuals after chronic stroke recruited from the general community. Individuals were submitted to sarcopenia screening (SARC-F questionnaire) and assessment of physical activity levels (Human Activity Profile questionnaire) to classify the individuals as impaired, moderately active, and active according to their Adjusted Activity Status (AAS). ANOVA was used to investigate the sarcopenia between groups and Pearson's coefficient to investigate the association among variables. RESULTS: Fifty-four individuals with a mean age of 56 ± 17.4 years were included. Twenty-one percent of the individuals were screened for sarcopenia. Inactive individuals had higher mean scores in the SARC-F (3.6 ± 2.1 points), whereas moderately active and active individuals presented lower mean scores in the same questionnaire, being 1.2 ± 1.1 points and 0.5 ± 0.7 points, respectively. A statistically significant inverse and high association was found between sarcopenia and physical activity levels (r = -0.716; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Sarcopenia was found to be higher in individuals after chronic stroke with lower physical activity levels considered inactive when compared to individuals with higher physical activity levels. Furthermore, there was an inverse relationship between sarcopenia and physical activity level in stroke survivors.

Neuronal Activity Changes the Number of Neurons That Are Synaptically Connected to OPCs.

The timing and specificity of oligodendrocyte myelination during development, as well as remyelination after injury or immune attack, remain poorly understood. Recent work has shown that oligodendrocyte progenitors receive synapses from neurons, providing a potential mechanism for neuronal-glial communication. In this study, we investigated the importance of these neuroglial connections in myelination during development and during neuronal plasticity in the mouse hippocampus. We used chemogenetic tools and viral monosynaptic circuit tracing to analyze these connections and to examine oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) proliferation, myelination, synapse formation, and neuronal-glial connectivity in vivo after increasing or decreasing neuronal activity levels. We found that increasing neuronal activity led to greater OPC activation and proliferation. Modulation of neuronal activity also altered the organization of neuronal-glial connections: while it did not impact the total number of RabV-labeled neuronal inputs, or the number of RabV-labeled inhibitory neuronal (IN) inputs, it did alter the number of RabV-labeled excitatory neuron to OPC connections. Overall, our findings support the idea that neuronal activity plays a crucial role in regulating OPC proliferation and activation as well as the types of neuronal inputs to OPCs, indicating that neuronal activity is important for OPC circuit composition and function.

Donor Choriocarcinoma Transmission From Solid Organ Transplantation: A Case Report.

Transplantation of any organ has some inherent risk of disease transmission, such as infection and malignancy. The present study aims to describe 2 cases of choriocarcinoma transmission after kidney and liver transplantation originating from the same patient. The donor was a 17-year-old woman who died of cerebral hemorrhage. Both organ recipients died of metastatic choriocarcinoma few months after the transplantation, within days after starting chemotherapy. Retrospective hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin hormone) analysis in donor's blood stored at the time of donation had a result of 9324 mIU/mL. Despite its rarity, clinicians should be aware of the risk of transplant-related choriocarcinoma from female donors in childbearing age. In some cases, hCG dosage should be performed before donation.

Disentangling chemical and electrical effects of status epilepticus-induced dentate gyrus abnormalities.

In rodents, status epilepticus (SE) triggered by chemoconvulsants can differently affect the proliferation and fate of adult-born dentate granule cells (DGCs). It is unknown whether abnormal neurogenesis results from intracellular signaling associated with drug-receptor interaction, paroxysmal activity, or both. To test the contribution of these factors, we systematically compared the effects of kainic acid (KA)- and pilocarpine (PL)-induced SE on the morphology and localization of DGCs generated before or after SE in the ipsi- and contralateral hippocampi of mice. Hippocampal insult was induced by unilateral intrahippocampal (ihpc) administration of KA or PL. We employed conditional doublecortin-dependent expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to label adult-born cells committed to neuronal lineage either one month before (mature DGCs) or seven days after (immature DGCs) SE. Unilateral ihpc administration of KA and PL led to bilateral epileptiform discharges and focal and generalized behavioral seizures. However, drastic granule cell layer (GCL) dispersion occurred only in the ipsilateral side of KA injection, but not in PL-treated animals. Granule cell layer dispersion was accompanied by a significant reduction in neurogenesis after SE in the ipsilateral side of KA-treated animals, while neurogenesis increased in the contralateral side of KA-treated animals and both hippocampi of PL-treated animals. The ratio of ectopic neurons in the ipsilateral hippocampus was higher among immature as compared to mature neurons in the KA model (32.8% vs. 10.0%, respectively), while the occurrence of ectopic neurons in PL-treated animals was lower than 3% among both mature and immature DGCs. Collectively, our results suggest that KA- and PL-induced SE leads to distinct cellular alterations in mature and immature DGCs. We also show different local and secondary effects of KA or PL in the histological organization of the adult DG, suggesting that these unique epilepsy models may be complementary to our understanding of the disease. NEWroscience 2018.

Neuron to Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Synapses: Protagonists in Oligodendrocyte Development and Myelination, and Targets for Therapeutics.

The development of neuronal circuitry required for cognition, complex motor behaviors, and sensory integration requires myelination. The role of glial cells such as astrocytes and microglia in shaping synapses and circuits have been covered in other reviews in this journal and elsewhere. This review summarizes the role of another glial cell type, oligodendrocytes, in shaping synapse formation, neuronal circuit development, and myelination in both normal development and in demyelinating disease. Oligodendrocytes ensheath and insulate neuronal axons with myelin, and this facilitates fast conduction of electrical nerve impulses via saltatory conduction. Oligodendrocytes also proliferate during postnatal development, and defects in their maturation have been linked to abnormal myelination. Myelination also regulates the timing of activity in neural circuits and is important for maintaining the health of axons and providing nutritional support. Recent studies have shown that dysfunction in oligodendrocyte development and in myelination can contribute to defects in neuronal synapse formation and circuit development. We discuss glutamatergic and GABAergic receptors and voltage gated ion channel expression and function in oligodendrocyte development and myelination. We explain the role of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission on oligodendrocyte proliferation, migration, differentiation, and myelination. We then focus on how our understanding of the synaptic connectivity between neurons and OPCs can inform future therapeutics in demyelinating disease, and discuss gaps in the literature that would inform new therapies for remyelination.

Evidence of Progenitor Cell Lineage Rerouting in the Adult Mouse Hippocampus After Status Epilepticus.

Cell lineage in the adult hippocampus comprises multipotent and neuron-committed progenitors. In the present work, we fate-mapped neuronal progenitors using Dcx-CreERT2 and CAG-CAT-EGFP double-transgenic mice (cDCX/EGFP). We show that 3 days after tamoxifen-mediated recombination in cDCX/EGFP adult mice, GFP+ cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) co-expresses DCX and about 6% of these cells are proliferative neuronal progenitors. After 30 days, 20% of GFP+ generated from these progenitors differentiate into GFAP+ astrocytes. Unilateral intrahippocampal administration of the chemoconvulsants kainic acid (KA) or pilocarpine (PL) triggered epileptiform discharges and led to a significant increase in the number of GFP+ cells in both ipsi and contralateral DG. However, while PL favored the differentiation of neurons in both ipsi- and contralateral sides, KA stimulated neurogenesis only in the contralateral side. In the ipsilateral side, KA injection led to an unexpected increase of astrogliogenesis in the Dcx-lineage. We also observed a small number of GFP+/GFAP+ cells displaying radial-glia morphology ipsilaterally 3 days after KA administration, suggesting that some Dcx-progenitors could regress to a multipotent stage. The boosted neurogenesis and astrogliogenesis observed in the Dcx-lineage following chemoconvulsants administration correlated, respectively, with preservation or degeneration of the parvalbuminergic plexus in the DG. Increased inflammatory response, by contrast, was observed both in the DG showing increased neurogenesis or astrogliogenesis. Altogether, our data support the view that cell lineage progression in the adult hippocampus is not unidirectional and could be modulated by local network activity and GABA-mediated signaling.

Coping Strategies and Factors Related to Problematic Substance Use and Behavioral Addictions Among Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore and identify the factors associated with problematic substance use (alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis) and behavioral addictions (internet and eating disorders) over time in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) treated for cancer. Methods: AYAs newly diagnosed with cancer, 15-25 years of age, completed a questionnaire during their hospitalization (T1), assessing their consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis (The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; The Smoking Behavior Questionnaire; and The Cannabis Abuse Screening Test), their internet use (The Internet Addiction Test), their body preoccupations (The Eating Attitudes Test), as well as their coping strategies (Brief COPE) and emotional adjustment (The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Questionnaires were completed again 6 months later (T2). Results: Seventy-three AYAs were included at T1 and 21 AYAs at T2. Nearly one out of two (46.58%) AYAs had a problematic substance use or behavioral addiction after cancer diagnosis (T1). Problematic use of internet was frequently reported (23.29%), as well as harmful alcohol consumption or addiction (16.44%) and cannabis dependence (12.33%). The main factor related to problematic substance use was being older, while the main factor related to behavioral addiction was having a higher anxiety score. Substance use as a coping strategy was used more frequently by AYAs with problematic substance use and emotional support as a coping strategy was used more frequently by AYAs with a behavioral addiction. Conclusions: High rates of problematic substance use and behavioral addiction were reported in our sample. AYAs surveyed had high problematic use of cannabis and high internet use. Attention to substance use and addictive behaviors is recommended to ensure optimal care.

Lineage Reprogramming of Astroglial Cells from Different Origins into Distinct Neuronal Subtypes.

Astroglial cells isolated from the rodent postnatal cerebral cortex are particularly susceptible to lineage reprogramming into neurons. However, it remains unknown whether other astroglial populations retain the same potential. Likewise, little is known about the fate of induced neurons (iNs) in vivo. In this study we addressed these questions using two different astroglial populations isolated from the postnatal brain reprogrammed either with Neurogenin-2 (Neurog2) or Achaete scute homolog-1 (Ascl1). We show that cerebellum (CerebAstro) and cerebral cortex astroglia (CtxAstro) generates iNs with distinctive neurochemical and morphological properties. Both astroglial populations contribute iNs to the olfactory bulb following transplantation in the postnatal and adult mouse subventricular zone. However, only CtxAstro transfected with Neurog2 differentiate into pyramidal-like iNs after transplantation in the postnatal cerebral cortex. Altogether, our data indicate that the origin of the astroglial population and transcription factors used for reprogramming, as well as the region of integration, affect the fate of iNs.

A subjetivação de mulheres com deficiência motora congênita: o papel do outro e dos processos formativos / The subjectivation of women with congenital motor deficiency: the role of other and formative processes influence / La subjetivación de mujeres con discapacidad motora congénita: el papel del otro y de los procesos formativos

Este estudo buscou compreender como se constitui o processo de subjetivação de adultos com deficiência motora congênita, participantes de uma ONG voltada a pessoas com deficiência. Participaram duas mulheres adultas, de 37 e 47 anos, com deficiência motora congênita, frequentadoras de um espaço educacional não formal, localizado na Zona Oeste do Recife-PE. Para a construção dos dados, utilizou-se o método narrativo de entrevista, fundamentando a análise na proposta dos núcleos de significação, de base sócio-histórica. Os resultados revelaram que a educação não formal e a educação informal estiveram mais presentes no processo de subjetivação dessas mulheres que a educação formal, e que os outros significativos não eram pertencentes à família e se configuraram como agentes essenciais na constituição dessa subjetivação. Ademais, verificou-se que essas mulheres têm diferentes trajetórias, gostos e interesses, constituindo-se como seres singulares, não sendo a deficiência o elemento definidor dessa subjetivação

This study aimed at comprehending how establish the subjectivation process of adults with congenital motor deficiency that participated in a nongovernmental organization (NGO) which serves people with disabilities. Research with 37 and 47-year-old adult women with congenital motor deficiency. They attend a non-formal educational space localized in the west of Recife-PE. For attainment of data, was used narrative interview method basing the analysis on the core of meaning proposal of socio-historical foundings. Results of the research revealed that non-formal education and informal education were more prominent in the subjectivation of these women than formal education. Moreover, it has been shown that their family were not a significant factor, despite the noteworthiness of others characterized as essential agents in their subjectivation construction. Furthermore, it was verified these women have different paths, different tastes and interests, which definite them as singular and their disability was not a fundamental element in their subjectivation constitution

Este estudio ha buscado comprender como se constituye el proceso subjetivo de adultos con discapacidad motora congénita, participantes de una ONG centrada en atender a personas con discapacidad. Participaron dos mujeres adultas, de 37 y 47 años, con discapacidad motora congénita, que asisten a un espacio educacional no formal, localizado en la Zona Oeste de la ciudad de Recife-PE. Para construir los datos se ha utilizado el método narrativo de entrevista, basando el análisis en la propuesta de los núcleos de significado, de base socio-histórica. Los resultados han revelado que la educación no formal y la educación informal estuvieron más presentes en el proceso de subjetivación de esas mujeres que la educación formal y que los otros significativos no pertenecían a la familia y se configuran como agentes esenciales en la constitución de esa subjetivación. Además, se ha verificado que esas mujeres tienen trayectorias, gustos e intereses distintos que las constituyen como seres singulares no siendo la discapacidad el elemento que define esa subjetivación

Mastocytosis in adulthood and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Patients with mastocytosis can display various disabling general and neuropsychological symptoms among one third of them, including general signs such as fatigue and musculoskeletal pain, which can have a major impact on quality of life. Neurological symptoms are less frequent and mainly consist of acute or chronic headache (35%), rarely syncopes (5%), acute onset back pain (4%), and in a few cases, clinical and radiological symptoms resembling or allowing the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (1.3%). Headaches are associated with symptoms related to mast cell activation syndrome (flushes, prurit, and so forth) and more frequently present as migraine (37.5%), with often aura (66%). Depression-anxiety like symptoms can occur in 40% to 60% of the patients and cognitive impairment is not rare (38.6%). The pathophysiology of these symptoms could be linked to tissular mast cell infiltration or to mast cell mediators release or both. The tryptophan metabolism could be involved in mast cell-induced neuroinflammation through indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase activation. Treatments targeting mast cell may be useful to target neuropsychological features associated with mastocytosis, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Águas de hemodiálise: controle de qualidade em saúde / Hemodialysis water: quality control in health

Apesar de estabilizar o equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico, pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica (IRC) submetidos à hemodiálise apresentam risco aumentado de desenvolver doenças cardiovasculares, cuja susceptibilidade pode não ser amenizada pela terapia eletrolítica, além de não substituir funções endócrinas em estado fisiológico. A explicação para complicações cardiovasculares e outras comorbidades relacionadas à hemodiálise talvez seja a presença de contaminantes microbianos e tóxicos nas águas utilizadas para o processo. Esta revisão utilizou-se de bases de dados indexadas e bibliotecas universitárias para a busca bibliográfica. A busca foi limitada aos artigos publicados até Março de 2014. Estudos atuais demonstram que o controle de qualidade em águas de hemodiálise é um processo negligenciado e torna imperativo que o profissional da saúde e pesquisadores trabalhem em conjunto para tornar mais eficiente a purificação, fornecimento e armazenamento de águas para o processo, reduzindo índices de mortalidade apresentados pelos pacientes.

Modalidade de terapia renal substitutiva como preditora de sintomas depressivos / Modality of renal replacement therapy as predictor of depressive symptoms

Objetivos Comparar a ocorrência de sintomas depressivos entre dois grupos homogêneos de pacientes em diálise, um em hemodiálise (HD) e outro em diálise peritoneal (DP), verificando o possível papel preditor do método, assim como avaliar a influência de variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas no diagnóstico deste transtorno. Métodos Amostra envolveu dois grupos homogêneos de pacientes em TRS, 30 em HD e 30 em DP. Aplicou-se o Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), escala que avalia a presença e intensidade de sintomas depressivos. Resultados Os grupos apresentavam características sociodemográficas e clínicas semelhantes, exceto quanto à escolaridade. A média de pontos do BDI no grupo HD foi maior que no grupo DP: 12,53 versus 11,13 (p = 0,352). A presença de sintomas depressivos no grupo em HD ocorreu em 36,7% dos pacientes contra apenas 23,3% do grupo DP (OR 1,9 [IC 0,61 – 5,86]). Não houve diferenças quanto às variáveis, exceto escolaridade. Dos pacientes com ensino fundamental I, 52,9% apresentaram sintomas. Nos pacientes com ensino médio ou superior, a ocorrência de sintomas depressivos foi 20% (p = 0,051). Conclusão Houve tendência à ocorrência de sintomas depressivos em pacientes em HD quando comparados aos pacientes em DP. O risco dessa ocorrência foi quase duas vezes maior nos em HD. Menor escolaridade associou-se à ocorrência de sintomas. As médias da pontuação do BDI nos dois grupos não foram significantes. .

Objectives Compare occurrence of depressive symptoms scores between two homogeneous groups of patients, one under hemodialysis (HD) and another under peritoneal dialysis (PD) to verify the possible predictor role of the method. Influence of social demographics and clinics variables was verified too. Methods Sixty patient in TRS were enrolled, divided in two group homogeneous, 30 patients in HD and 30 in DP. Beck Depressive Inventory (BDI) was applied to study the presence and the intensity of depressive symptoms in two groups. Results The groups had similar social demographic and clinics characteristics, except for the schooling. The BDI’s average score was higher in the group of HD than in the PD: 12.53 versus 11.13 (p = 0.352). The occurrence of depressive symptoms in HD group occurred in 36.7% of the patients. In the PD group 23.3% of the patients presented (OR 1.90 [0,61 – 5.86]). In patients with basic education, 52.9% presented depressive symptoms. Only 20% of the patients with higher education presented depressive symptoms (p = 0.051). Conclusion There was a tendency to occur depressive symptoms in patients under HD when compared to patients under PD. The risk was almost two times in group HD. Low education was associated to the occurrence of depressive symptoms. The difference between the BDI’s scores wasn’t significant. .

Neuropsychological features of adult mastocytosis.

In approximately one-third of cases, patients with mastocytosis can display various disabling general and neuropsychological symptoms. General signs may have a major impact on quality of life. Neurologic symptoms are less frequent. In a majority of cases, the pathophysiology of these symptoms is not known but could be linked to tissular mast cell infiltration, mast cell mediator release, or both. Treatments aiming at reducing mast cell number and/or stabilizating mast cells may be useful. Preliminary results suggest that treatment with kinase inhibitors may improve symptoms of depression and cognitive impairment.

Leukocyte telomere length in mastocytosis: correlations with depression and perceived stress.

BACKGROUND: Mastocytosisis a rare disease associated with chronic symptoms related to mast cell mediator release. Patients with mastocytosis display high level of negative emotionality such as depression and stress sensibility. Brain mast cells are mainly localized in the diencephalon, which is linked to emotion regulatory systems. Negative emotionality has been shown to be associated with telomere shortening. Taken together these observations led us to hypothesize that mast cells activity could be involved in both negative emotionality and telomere shortening in mastocytosis. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate a possible relationship between negative emotionality in mastocytosis and leukocytes telomere length. METHODS: Leukocyte telomere length and telomerase activity were measured among mastocytosis patients and were correlated with perceived stress and depression assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory revised and the Perceived Stress Scale. RESULTS: Mild-severe depression scores were frequent (78.9%) as well as high perceived stress (42.11%). Telomere length was correlated to perceived stress (r=0.77; p=0.0001) but not to depression in our population. Patients displaying Wild-type KIT significantly presented higher perceived stress levels. Patients with the D816VC KIT mutation who had high perceived stress scores displayed significantly shorter telomere but not if they had high depression scores. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that high perceived stress in mastocytosis could accelerate the rate of leukocytes telomere shortening. Since mastocytosis is, by definition, a mast cell mediated disease; these cells could be involved in this phenomenon. Mechanistic causal relationships between these parameters need to be investigated.

Evidence for cognitive impairment in mastocytosis: prevalence, features and correlations to depression.

Mastocytosis is a heterogeneous disease characterized by mast cells accumulation in one or more organs. We have reported that depression is frequent in mastocytosis, but although it was already described, little is known about the prevalence and features of cognitive impairment. Our objective was to describe the prevalence and features of cognitive impairment in a large cohort of patients with this rare disease (n = 57; mean age = 45) and to explore the relations between memory impairment and depression. Objective memory impairment was evaluated using the 3(rd) edition of the Clinical Memory scale of Wechsler. Depression symptoms were evaluated using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Age and education levels were controlled for all patients. Patients with mastocytosis presented high levels of cognitive impairment (memory and/or attention) (n = 22; 38.6%). Cognitive impairment was moderate in 59% of the cases, concerned immediate auditory (41%) and working memory (73%) and was not associated to depression (p≥0.717). In conclusion, immediate auditory memory and attention impairment in mastocytosis are frequent, even in young individuals, and are not consecutive to depression. In mastocytosis, cognitive complaints call for complex neuropsychological assessment. Mild-moderate cognitive impairment and depression constitute two specific but somewhat independent syndromes in mastocytosis. These results suggest differential effects of mast-cell activity in the brain, on systems involved in emotionality and in cognition.

Depression in patients with mastocytosis: prevalence, features and effects of masitinib therapy.

Depression in patients with mastocytosis is often reported but its prevalence and characteristics are not precisely described. In addition, the impact of therapies targeting mast cells proliferation, differentiation and degranulation on psychic symptoms of depression have never been investigated. Our objective was to determine the prevalence and to describe features of depression in a large cohort of mastocytosis patients (n = 288) and to investigate the therapeutic impact of the protein kinase inhibitor masitinib in depression symptoms. The description of depression was based on the analysis of a database with Hamilton scores using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Efficacy of masitinib therapy was evaluated using non parametric Wilcoxon test for paired data within a three months period (n = 35). Our results show that patients with indolent mastocytosis present an elevated prevalence of depression (64%). Depression was moderate in 56% but severe in 8% of cases. Core symptoms (such as psychic anxiety, depressed mood, work and interests) characterized depression in mastocytosis patients. Masitinib therapy was associated with significant improvement (67% of the cases) of overall depression, with 75% of recovery cases. Global Quality of Life slightly improved after masitinib therapy and did not predicted depression improvement. In conclusion, depression is very frequent in mastocytosis patients and masitinib therapy is associated with the reduction its psychic experiences. We conclude that depression in mastocytosis may originate from processes related to mast cells activation. Masitinib could therefore be a useful treatment for mastocytosis patients with depression and anxiety symptoms.

Effects of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf., Lippia sidoides Cham., and Ocimum gratissimum L. on growth and ultrastructure of Leishmania chagasi promastigotes.

The current therapy for leishmaniasis, which affects annually about 2 million people, is far from satisfactory. All available drugs require parenteral administration and are potentially toxic. Plant essential oils have been traditionally used in folk medicine and appear as valuable alternative source for chemotherapeutic compounds. In this study, we demonstrated the effect of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Lippia sidoides, and Ocimum gratissimum on growth and ultrastructure of Leishmania chagasi promastigote forms. Steam distillation was used to isolate the essential oils, and their constituents were characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. All essential oils showed in vitro inhibitory action on L. chagasi promastigotes growth in a dose-dependent way, with IC(50)/72 h of 45, 89, and 75 microg/mL for C. citratus, L. sidoides, and O. gratissimum, respectively. Drastic morphological alterations were observed in all essential oil-treated parasites, including cell swelling, accumulation of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm, and increase of acidocalcisome volume. Furthermore, aberrant-shaped cells with multi-septate body were observed by scanning electron microscopy, suggesting an additional effect on cytokinesis. Taken together, our data show that these essential oils affect the parasite viability being the C. citratus essential oil the most effective against L. chagasi.