Treadmill running and mechanical overloading improved the strength of the plantaris muscle in the dystrophin-desmin double knockout (DKO) mouse.

Limited knowledge exists regarding the chronic effect of muscular exercise on muscle function in a murine model of severe Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Here we determined the effects of 1 month of voluntary wheel running (WR), 1 month of enforced treadmill running (TR) and 1 month of mechanical overloading resulting from the removal of the synergic muscles (OVL) in mice lacking both dystrophin and desmin (DKO). Additionally, we examined the effect of activin receptor administration (AR). DKO mice, displaying severe muscle weakness, atrophy and greater susceptibility to contraction-induced functional loss, were exercised or treated with AR at 1 month of age and in situ force production of lower leg muscle was measured at the age of 2 months. We found that TR and OVL increased absolute maximal force and the rate of force development of the plantaris muscle in DKO mice. In contrast, those of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle remained unaffected by TR and WR. Furthermore, the effects of TR and OVL on plantaris muscle function in DKO mice closely resembled those in mdx mice, a less severe murine DMD model. AR also improved absolute maximal force and the rate of force development of the TA muscle in DKO mice. In conclusion, exercise training improved plantaris muscle weakness in severely affected dystrophic mice. Consequently, these preclinical results may contribute to fostering further investigations aimed at assessing the potential benefits of exercise for DMD patients, particularly resistance training involving a low number of intense muscle contractions. KEY POINTS: Very little is known about the effects of exercise training in a murine model of severe Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). One reason is that it is feared that chronic muscular exercise, particularly that involving intense muscle contractions, could exacerbate the disease. In DKO mice lacking both dystrophin and desmin, characterized by severe lower leg muscle weakness, atrophy and fragility in comparison to the less severe DMD mdx model, we found that enforced treadmill running improved absolute maximal force of the plantaris muscle, while that of tibialis anterior muscle remained unaffected by both enforced treadmill and voluntary wheel running. Furthermore, mechanical overloading, a non-physiological model of chronic resistance exercise, reversed plantaris muscle weakness. Consequently, our findings may have the potential to alleviate concerns and pave the way for exploring the prescription of endurance and resistance training as a viable therapeutic approach for the treatment of dystrophic patients. Additionally, such interventions may serve in mitigating the pathophysiological mechanisms induced by physical inactivity.

Beneficial effects of resistance training on both mild and severe mouse dystrophic muscle function as a preclinical option for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Mechanical overloading (OVL) resulting from the ablation of muscle agonists, a supra-physiological model of resistance training, reduces skeletal muscle fragility, i.e. the immediate maximal force drop following lengthening contractions, and increases maximal force production, in mdx mice, a murine model of Duchene muscular dystrophy (DMD). Here, we further analyzed these beneficial effects of OVL by determining whether they were blocked by cyclosporin, an inhibitor of the calcineurin pathway, and whether there were also observed in the D2-mdx mice, a more severe murine DMD model. We found that cyclosporin did not block the beneficial effect of 1-month OVL on plantaris muscle fragility in mdx mice, nor did it limit the increases in maximal force and muscle weight (an index of hypertrophy). Fragility and maximal force were also ameliorated by OVL in the plantaris muscle of D2-mdx mice. In addition, OVL increased the expression of utrophin, cytoplamic γ-actin, MyoD, and p-Akt in the D2-mdx mice, proteins playing an important role in fragility, maximal force gain and muscle growth. In conclusion, OVL reduced fragility and increased maximal force in the more frequently used mild mdx model but also in D2-mdx mice, a severe model of DMD, closer to human physiopathology. Moreover, these beneficial effects of OVL did not seem to be related to the activation of the calcineurin pathway. Thus, this preclinical study suggests that resistance training could have a potential benefit in the improvement of the quality of life of DMD patients.

Valproic acid reduces muscle susceptibility to contraction-induced functional loss but increases weakness in two murine models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Skeletal muscles in animal models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are more susceptible to contraction-induced functional loss, which is not related to fatigue. Valproic acid (VPA) reportedly improves serological and histological markers of damage in dystrophin-deficient murine muscle. Here, we tested whether VPA would reduce the susceptibility to contraction-induced functional loss in two murine DMD models. Adult female mdx (mild) and D2-mdx (severe) DMD murine models were administered VPA (240 mg/kg) or saline for 7 days. Some VPA-treated mdx mice also performed voluntary running in a wheel, which is known to reduce the susceptibility to contraction-induced functional loss; that is, isometric force drop following eccentric contractions. In situ muscle function was assessed before, during and after eccentric contractions. Muscle utrophin and desmin expression were also evaluated using immunoblotting. Interestingly, VPA reduced the isometric force drop following eccentric contractions in both murine models, without change in the relative eccentric maximal force and in the expression of utrophin and desmin. VPA for 7 days combined with voluntary running had no additive effect compared to VPA alone. Furthermore, VPA reduced the absolute isometric maximal force before eccentric contractions in both murine models. The results of our study indicated that VPA in both murine DMD models reduced the susceptibility to contraction-induced functional loss but increased muscle weakness.

Dystrophin Restoration after Adeno-Associated Virus U7-Mediated Dmd Exon Skipping Is Modulated by Muscular Exercise in the Severe D2-Mdx Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Murine Model.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe neuromuscular disease caused by Dmd mutations, resulting in the absence of dystrophin in skeletal muscle, and a greater susceptibility to damage during contraction (exercise). The current study evaluated whether voluntary exercise impacts a Dmd exon skipping and muscle physiology in a severe DMD murine model. D2-mdx mice were intramuscularly injected with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) U7 snRNA to correct Dmd reading frame, and allowed to voluntary run on a wheel for 1 month. Voluntary running did not induce muscle fiber regeneration, as indicated by the percentage of centronucleated fibers, Myh3 and Myh4 expression, and maximal force production, and thus possibly did not compromise the gene therapy approach. Voluntary running did not impact the number of viral genomes and the expression of U7 and Dmd 1 month after injection of AAV-U7 injected just before exercise initiation, but reduced the amount of dystrophin in dystrophin-expressing fibers from 80% to 65% of the muscle cross-sectional area. In conclusion, voluntary running did not induce muscle damage and had no drastic detrimental effect on the AAV gene therapy exon skipping approach in a severe murine DMD model. Moreover, these results suggest considering exercise as an additional element in the design and conception of future therapeutic approaches for DMD.