Antibacterial Susceptibility Pattern of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus after Exposure to Electromagnetic Waves Emitted from Mobile Phone Simulator.

BACKGROUND: The increasing use of telecommunication devices such as Wi-Fi modems and mobile phones in the recent years can change the cellular structure of microorganisms so the generation of electromagnetic waves has led to concern in the community whenever be exposed to these fields and may have harmful effects on human health. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this experimental study, standard strains of bacteria were prepared on Mueller-Hinton agar for bacterial growth to obtain 0.5 McFarland turbidity (1.5 × 108 CFU) of bacteria. Antibiotic susceptibility test using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was done. For Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, antibiotics susceptibility test was conducted. The test group was exposed to electromagnetic waves emitted by mobile phone simulator with a frequency of 900 MHz and the control group were not exposed. RESULTS: The results revealed that increasing duration of exposure to electromagnetic waves emitted by the mobile simulators with a frequency of 900 MHz especially after 24 h of exposure, can increase bacterial resistance in S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa. CONCLUSION: Several factors can cause bacterial resistance against antibiotics. One of these factors is the electromagnetic waves emitted from mobile simulator with a frequency of 900 MHz, which can increase the permeability of the cell wall of bacteria.

A Study on Performance and Safety Tests of Defibrillator Equipment.

INTRODUCTION: Nowadays, more than 10,000 different types of medical devices can be found in hospitals. This way, medical electrical equipment is being employed in a wide variety of fields in medical sciences with different physiological effects and measurements. Hospitals and medical centers must ensure that their critical medical devices are safe, accurate, reliable and operational at the required level of performance. Defibrillators are critical resuscitation devices. The use of reliable defibirillators has led to more effective treatments and improved patient safety through better control and management of complications during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The metrological reliability of twenty frequent use, manual defibrillators in use ten hospitals (4 private and 6 public) in one of the provinces of Iran according to international and national standards was evaluated. RESULTS: Quantitative analysis of control and instrument accuracy showed the amount of the obtained results in many units are critical which had less value over the standard limitations especially in devices with poor battery. For the accuracy of delivered energy analysis, only twelve units delivered acceptable output values and the precision in the output energy measurements especialy in weak battry condition, after activation of discharge alarm, were low. CONCLUSION: Obtained results indicate a need for new and severe regulations on periodic performance verifications and medical equipment quality control program especially for high risk instruments. It is also necessary to provide training courses on the fundumentals of operation and performane parameters for medical staff in the field of meterology in medicine and how one can get good accuracy results especially in high risk medical devices.

A Study on Performance and Safety Tests of Electrosurgical Equipment.

INTRODUCTION: Modern medicine employs a wide variety of instruments with different physiological effects and measurements. Periodic verifications are routinely used in legal metrology for industrial measuring instruments. The correct operation of electrosurgical generators is essential to ensure patient's safety and management of the risks associated with the use of high and low frequency electrical currents on human body. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The metrological reliability of 20 electrosurgical equipment in six hospitals (3 private and 3 public) was evaluated in one of the provinces of Iran according to international and national standards. RESULTS: The achieved results show that HF leakage current of ground-referenced generators are more than isolated generators and the power analysis of only eight units delivered acceptable output values and the precision in the output power measurements was low. CONCLUSION: Results indicate a need for new and severe regulations on periodic performance verifications and medical equipment quality control program especially in high risk instruments. It is also necessary to provide training courses for operating staff in the field of meterology in medicine to be acquianted with critical parameters to get accuracy results with operation room equipment.

Production of a Novel Mineral-based Sun Lotion for Protecting the Skin from Biohazards of Electromagnetic Radiation in the UV Region.

BACKGROUND: Sun protection materials have been one of the major concerns in pharmaceutical in-dustry since almost one century ago. Various materials have been found to have such an effect but there are still many unknown substances that have not been discovered. Objective : To introduce a novel mineral-based sun lotion with considerable UV absorption properties compared to commercially available sunscreens. METHOD:  UV absorption properties of transparent plas-tic sheets covered by a uniform cream layer of different mineral-based sun lotions and a commercially available sun lotion were tested. RESULTS: Sun lotions containing specific proportion of bentonite and zeolite minerals were capable of absorbing the highest level of UV light com-pared to that of the commercially available sun lotion. CONCLUSION: Mineral-based sun lotions can be considered as cost effective alternatives for current commercial sunscreens.

An Automated MR Image Segmentation System Using Multi-layer Perceptron Neural Network.

BACKGROUND: Brain tissue segmentation for delineation of 3D anatomical structures from magnetic resonance (MR) images can be used for neuro-degenerative disorders, characterizing morphological differences between subjects based on volumetric analysis of gray matter (GM), white matter (WM) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), but only if the obtained segmentation results are correct. Due to image artifacts such as noise, low contrast and intensity non-uniformity, there are some classification errors in the results of image segmentation. OBJECTIVE: An automated algorithm based on multi-layer perceptron neural networks (MLPNN) is presented for segmenting MR images. The system is to identify two tissues of WM and GM in human brain 2D structural MR images. A given 2D image is processed to enhance image intensity and to remove extra cerebral tissue. Thereafter, each pixel of the image under study is represented using 13 features (8 statistical and 5 non- statistical features) and is classified using a MLPNN into one of the three classes WM and GM or unknown. RESULTS: The developed MR image segmentation algorithm was evaluated using 20 real images. Training using only one image, the system showed robust performance when tested using the remaining 19 images. The average Jaccard similarity index and Dice similarity metric for the GM and WM tissues were estimated to be 75.7 %, 86.0% for GM, and 67.8% and 80.7%for WM, respectively. CONCLUSION: The obtained performances are encouraging and show that the presented method may assist with segmentation of 2D MR images especially where categorizing WM and GM is of interest.