ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements have been reported in 2-13% of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients with ALK rearrangements do not respond to EGFR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs); however, they do benefit from small molecule inhibitors targeting ALK. RESULTS: In this study, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a break-apart probe for the ALK gene was performed on formalin fixed paraffin-embedded tissue to determine the incidence of ALK rearrangements and hybridization patterns in a large unselected cohort of 1387 patients with a referred diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer (1011 of these patients had a histologic diagnosis of adenocarcinoma). The abnormal FISH signal patterns varied from a single split signal to complex patterns. Among 49 abnormal samples (49/1387, 3.5%), 32 had 1 to 3 split signals. Fifteen samples had deletions of the green 5' end of the ALK signal, and 1 of these 15 samples showed amplification of the orange 3' end of the ALK signal. Two patients showed a deletion of the 3'ALK signal. Thirty eight of these 49 samples (38/1011, 3.7%) were among the 1011 patients with confirmed adenocarcinoma. Five of 8 patients with ALK rearrangements detected by FISH were confirmed to have EML4-ALK fusions by multiplex RT-PCR. Among the 45 ALK-rearranged samples tested, only 1 EGFR mutation (T790M) was detected. Two KRAS mutations were detected among 24 ALK-rearranged samples tested. CONCLUSIONS: In a large unselected series, the frequency of ALK gene rearrangement detected by FISH was approximately 3.5% of lung carcinoma, and 3.7% of patients with lung adenocarcinoma, with variant signal patterns frequently detected. Rare cases with coexisting KRAS and EGFR mutations were seen.
Subject(s)
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10 , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12 , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets/genetics , Repressor Proteins/genetics , Translocation, Genetic , Adult , Bone Marrow Cells/cytology , Female , Humans , Immunophenotyping , In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence , Karyotyping , Treatment Outcome , ETS Translocation Variant 6 ProteinABSTRACT
We report a rare cryptic ins(12;9)(p13;q34q34), a chromosomal abnormality involving the ABL1 (9q34) and the ETV6 (alias TEL; 12p13) genes, detectable only by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), in a patient with Philadelphia-negative chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Using reverse 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole banding on metaphase cells, FISH analysis with BCR/ABL dual-fusion and ETV6 break-apart probes showed that a third ABL signal was inserted into 12p, splitting the ETV6 signal into two adjacent signals. CML patients with an ABL1/ETV6 fusion historically have demonstrated a variable and sometimes transient response to treatment with imatinib mesylate, which was also the case in the present patient.
Subject(s)
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12 , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 , Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/genetics , Mutagenesis, Insertional , Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics , Aged , Fatal Outcome , Humans , Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/diagnosis , Male , Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiologyABSTRACT
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of the bone marrow of a 24-year-old man diagnosed with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) revealed a variant pattern with one fusion signal instead of the typical two fusions expected with the probe set used. The combined FISH and conventional chromosome analyses suggested that two subsequent translocations had occurred in this patient involving the same chromosomes 15 and 17. As the prognostic outcome in APL is strictly associated with the presence of a PML/RARA fusion, it is useful and necessary to perform both cytogenetic and FISH analyses of a variant t(15;17) to determine the status of the PML/RARA fusion.
Subject(s)
Chromosome Aberrations , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/genetics , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics , Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/genetics , Neoplasm Proteins/genetics , Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics , Translocation, Genetic/genetics , Adult , Humans , In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence , Karyotyping , Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/pathology , Male , Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism , Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
We present a case of del(14)(q21) as a sole abnormality in a 4-year-old boy diagnosed with precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-B ALL). To our knowledge, this is the first case of isolated del(14)(q21) in pre-B ALL. Two pretreatment bone marrow samples obtained 5 days apart were analyzed by cytogenetics. The G-banded karyotypes of the two samples were similar, differing only in the ratio of normal/abnormal metaphases detected. Both samples showed a del(14)(q21) as the only abnormality. Fluorescence in situ hybridization performed using the probes TEL/AML1 and immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) showed no fusion involving the TEL and AML1 genes and only a single IGH signal in 20% of the interphase cells analyzed.
