Nutritive Value of Wheat Bran Diets Supplemented With Fresh Carrots and Wet Brewers' Grains in Yellow Mealworm.

We evaluated the effect of supplementation of a wheat bran (WB) diet with fresh carrots (FC) or wet brewer's grains (WBG) on the growth performance and chemical composition of Tenebrio molitor larvae. Additionally, a digestibility trial was performed to determine the nutritional value of the raw materials used. The control diet was based on WB-only. Two other diets were formulated in which WB was supplemented with FC (FC diet) or with WBG (WBG diet). The experiment was conducted in trays (12 per treatment) and lasted 90 d. Larval weight, feed intake, and excreted feces were controlled in each tray the experiment. The digestibility trial was performed from 48 to 62 d post-hatch. Results showed digestibility coefficients of ashes, crude protein, and gross energy were significantly higher in FC diet compared with the other diets. Consequently, both digestible energy (DE) and digestible protein (DP) contents of FC were also significantly higher than those obtained for WB and WBG diets (on av. +1.12 megajoule [MJ] DE and +9.15 g DP per kg dry matter [DM]; P < 0.003). Mealworms fed FC diet showed significantly higher final weight and average daily gain than those fed the WBG diet (+12.4%), being higher in WBG than in WB diet (+3.5%). Dietary treatment did not affect DM, ashes, ether extract, and crude protein content of mealworms obtained. Some dietary effects on amino acid and fatty acid composition were observed. This study provides novel data and a unique experimental approach to assess the nutritional value of raw materials in mealworms.

Energy, nitrogen partitioning, and methane emissions in dairy goats differ when an isoenergetic and isoproteic diet contained orange leaves and rice straw crop residues.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of incorporating rice straw and orange leaves into the diets for goats. Ten Murciano-Granadina goats at mid lactation weighing 45 ± 0.3 kg were used in a crossover design. Two isoproteic and isoenergetic diets (180 g/kg DM and 17 MJ/kg DM, respectively) with alfalfa hay as forage source (33% of DM) were fed. A control diet (CON) incorporated barley as energy source and soy hulls as fiber component. The experimental diet (ORG) replaced barley and soy hulls with orange leaves (19% on DM basis), rice straw (12%, on DM basis) and soya oil (2%). Peas and horsebeans were the protein source in both diets. Each goat received the 2 treatments in 2 periods. Goats were fed the experimental diets and after 14 d on their respective treatments moved to individual metabolism cages for another 7 d. Subsequently, feed intake, total fecal and urine output and milk yield were recorded daily over the first 5 d. During the next 2 d ruminal fluid and blood samples were collected, and then individual gas-exchange measurements were recorded by a mobile open-circuit indirect calorimetry system using a head box. No differences in dry matter intake were detected, and apparent total-tract digestibility was greater in CON than ORG. Efficiency of metabolizable energy intake for milk and maintenance also was lower in response to ORG (0.65 vs. 0.63), with energy balance being negative (-12 kJ/kg of BW0.75) due to mobilization of fat (-16 g/animal vs. 68 g/animal for ORG and CON, respectively). Although actual milk yield was lower in goats fed ORG (2.32 vs. 2.06 kg/d, respectively), energy-corrected milk did not differ (2.81 kg/d on average). In terms of milk quality, milk fat content, and concentrations of monounsaturated (18.54 vs. 11.55 g/100 g milk fat) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (5.75 vs. 3.99 g/100 g milk fat) were greater in goats fed ORG. Based on various indices, the milk produced by ORG would be less atherogenic and thrombogenic than CON milk. Compared with CON, enteric CH4 emission was lower due to feeding ORG (reduction of 38 g CH4/kg milk fat). Data suggest that greater fat mobilization in goats fed ORG might have been due to the apparent lack of synchrony between degradable protein and carbohydrate and the lipogenic nutrients associated with the lower cereal content of the ORG diet. Thus, goats fed ORG seemed to rely more on fat depots to help meet energy requirements and reach optimal performance. As such, the lower content of glucogenic nutrients in ORG did not favor body fat deposition and partitioning of ME into body tissue. Overall, responses in terms of CH4 emissions and milk quality suggest that inclusion of rice straw and orange leaves in diets for small ruminants could be a valuable alternative to reuse, recycle and revalue agricultural by-products.

Microfiltración apical entre tres cementos utilizados en obturación retrógrada / Apical microfiltration between three cements used in retrograde obturation

Objetivo: Determinar la microfiltración apical de tres cementos utilizados en obturación retrógrada. Métodos: 45 piezas unirradiculares estandarizadas a 16 mm de longitud se instrumentaron con sistema ProTaper ® manual e irrigaron con NaClO al 5,25%. Las muestras fueron obturadas con cono principal ProTaper ® F3 y accesorios Denstply ® #A y #B; se realizó la recesión apical de 3 mm, posteriormente se desobturó 3 mm con ultrasonido (Satelec Acteon) con punta s12/70D; se dividió la muestra en tres grupos para realizar obturación retrógrada con diferentes cementos de obturación cada uno. Las muestras se incubaron a 37 °C por 3 días; se cubrieron con barniz de uñas excepto 2 mm apicales para ser sumergidas en azul de metileno al 1% por 48 horas, se lavaron y reali- zaron un corte longitudinal con disco de diamante #2 para su análisis en el estereomi- croscopio (EduBlue ED 1402S), con la ayuda de un micrómetro (Stainless Hardened) se obtuvieron diferentes valores de cada grupo, mismos que fueron analizados por medio de la comparación de medias y pruebas paramétricas. Resultados: La valoración media de la microfiltración que produce la obturación retrógrada indica que: el MTA ® presentó un valor de 87,33 ± 9,61 µm (14,57%), seguido del Biodentine ® con 136 ± 12,42 µm (22,69%), con respecto al IRM ® con mayor cantidad de microfiltración con un valor de 376 ± 12,98 µm (62,74%). Conclusiones: Al comparar las medias y porcentajes de la microfiltración apical que presentan los cementos IRM ® , Biodentine ® y MTA ® , se evidenció que el MTA ® presentó el menor valor de microfiltración

Objective: To determine the apical microfiltration of three cements used in retrograde obturation. Methods: 45 monoradicular pieces standardized to 16 mm in length were instrumented with manual ProTaper ® system and irrigated with 5.25% NaClO. The samples were sealed with ProTaper ® F3 main cone and Denstply ® accessories #A and #B; an apical recession of 3 mm was performed, subsequently a 3 mm of obturation was removed with ultrasound (Satelec Acteon) using tip s12/70D; the samples were divided into three groups to perform retrograde filling, each with different sealing cements. The samples were incubated at 37°C for 3 days; then covered with nail varnish except 2 mm apical to be immersed in 1% methylene blue for 48 hours, washed and longitudinally cut with #2 diamond disc for analysis in the stereo microscope (EduBlue ED 1402S), with the help of a micrometer (Stainless Hardened); different values of each group were obtained, then analyzed through comparison of means and parametric tests. Results: The average evaluation of the microfiltration produced by the retrograde filling indicates that: the MTA ® presented a value of 87.33 ± 9.61 µm (14.57%), followed by the Bio- dentine ® with 136 ± 12.42 µm ( 22.69%), compared to the IRM ® with the highest amount of microfiltration with a value of 376 ± 12.98 µm (62.74%). Conclusions: When comparing the means and percentages of the apical microfiltration of the IRM ® , Biodentine ® and MTA ® cements; it was evident that the MTA ® showed the lowest microfiltration value.

Subjetividad en agrupaciones de personas en situación de discapacidad: explorando la dualidad sujeción-agencia y la visión de discapacidad desde la propia vivencia / Subjectivity in groups of people with disabilities: exploring the subjection - agency duality and the vision of the disabilities from the own living experience

La discapacidad como constructo social está compuesta por corporalidad, estereotipos y conductas de auto aceptación o negación. La discapacidad tiene implicancias a nivel personal y colectivo, demandando un perfeccionamiento en las perspectivas actuales de acción y comprensión por parte de los profesionales vinculados con esta realidad. Esta investigación se realizó con dos propósitos: explorar las construcciones subjetivas de personas en situación de discapacidad que forman parte de agrupaciones de personas con discapacidad; y describir cómo éstas influyen en su forma de organizarse y en sus ocupaciones. El contacto con los y las participantes se realizó mediante la estrategia de informantes clave, la recolección de datos a través de una entrevista semiestructurada y el método de análisis mediante la técnica de análisis de contenido (categorial). Los resultados muestran dos tendencias de funcionamiento en las agrupaciones que pueden llegar a coexistir en un mismo período. La primera de corte reivindicativo (demandar lo que se considera derecho propio) y la segunda tendencia problematizadora (poner en discusión lo que parece una idea irrefutable). Finalmente, la construcción de las personas se comprende desde la tensión existente entre las prácticas de sujeción y agencia relacionadas a la discapacidad, como la sumisión frente a modelos normativos y/o la crítica a la infantilización y asistencialismo.

The concept of disability, defined as a social construct, comprises corporality, stereotypes, and behaviors of self-acceptance or rejection. Subsequent implications of disability at the personal and collective level demand an improvement in its professional comprehension and action. This study’s purposes are to explore the subjective constructions of people with disabilities who are members of groups of people with disabilities; and to describe how these constructions influence both occupations and the way people organize as members of groups of people with disabilities. Contact with participants, data collection, and data analysis were completed through key informants, semi-structured interviews, and the Categorical Content Analysis method, respectively. Results revealed two tendencies of group function that may coexist; the first relates to a demanding standpoint - that is, claiming what is believed to be a right; and the second to a problem-causing standpoint - or arguing what seems to be irrefutable -. Finally, subjective construction of individuals was understood as the fine line existing between the subjection agency practices related to their disability, as well as the submission to normative models and/or the criticism towards infantilization and assistencialism.

Use of dry citrus pulp or soybean hulls as a replacement for corn grain in energy and nitrogen partitioning, methane emissions, and milk performance in lactating Murciano-Granadina goats.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of substitution of dietary corn grain by dry citrus pulp or soybean hulls on energy and nitrogen partitioning, substrate oxidation, methane emission, and milk performance in dairy goats during midlactation. Twelve multiparous Murciano-Granadina goats of similar body weight (41.7 ± 2.8 kg) were split in 3 groups in an incomplete crossover design. One group of 4 goats was fed a mixed ration with 605 g/kg of dry matter of corn grain (CRG), another group replaced corn grain with dry citrus pulp (CTP), and the last with soybean hulls (SYH). The goats were allocated to individual metabolism cages. After 14 d of adaptation, feed intake, total fecal and urine output, and milk yield were recorded daily over a 5-d period. Then, gas exchange measurements were recorded by a mobile open-circuit indirect calorimetry system using a head box. Dry matter intake was similar for all 3 groups (1.53 kg/d, on average). Total replacement of the concentrate with fibrous by-products increased fiber apparent digestibility. The metabolizable energy intake was significantly greater for diet CRG than SYH (1,193 vs. 1,079 kJ/kg of BW°·75, respectively), CTP showed an intermediate value. The heat production was higher for the fiber diet than starchy diet (908 vs. 843 kJ/kg of BW°·75 for SYH and CRG, respectively). The efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for milk production obtained by regression was 0.59. Goats fed CTP and SYH diets produced similar CH4 emissions (34.8 g/d, on average), significantly higher compared with goats fed the CRG diet (24.7 g/d). Goats of the 3 treatments were in negative energy balance, so the oxidation of fat was greater than for carbohydrates. No significant differences were observed for milk production (1.72 kg/d), and milk fat was significantly greater for a more fibrous diet compared with a starchy diet (6.57 vs. 4.95% in SYH and CRG, respectively).

Mini-revisión: Variantes genéticas del transportador de serotonina en trastornos neuropsiquiátricos / Serotonin Transporter gene variants in neuropsychiatric disorders

The SLC6A4 gene encodes the serotonin transporter SERT. Since the discovery of the role of SLC6A4 polymorphisms on human behavior, there is an increasingly growing wealth of information regarding SLC6A4 gene variants associated with anxiety and mood disorders, as well as their pharmacogenetic implications. In this brief review, the main discoveries on SLC6A4 variants, their functional impact and their suggested roles in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders are discussed.

El gen SLC6A4 codifica el transportador de serotonina SERT. Desde el descubrimiento inicial del rol que tienen polimorfismos de SLC6A4 en el comportamiento humano, hay una creciente cantidad de información acerca de variantes genéticas de SLC6A4 asociadas con trastornos de ansiedad y de estado de ánimo, así como de sus implicancias farmacogenéticas. En esta breve revisión, se discuten los principales descubrimientos de variantes de SLC6A4, su impacto funcional y sus roles sugeridos en enfermedades neuropsiquiátricas y de neurodesarrollo.

Scaffold-hopping with zwitterionic CCR3 antagonists: identification and optimisation of a series with good potency and pharmacokinetics leading to the discovery of AZ12436092.

The discovery and optimisation of a series of zwitterionic CCR3 antagonists is described. Optimisation of the structure led to AZ12436092, a compound with excellent selectivity over activity at hERG and outstanding pharmacokinetics in preclinical species.

Preliminary report: outbreak of Legionnaires disease in a hotel in Calp, Spain, update on 22 February 2012.

Research is ongoing on eighteen cases of Legionellosis, including four deaths, identified among tourists and employees in a hotel in Calp, Spain. Cases occurred during a period of two months, indicating the possibility of a point-source transmission at the hotel. An environmental investigation identified several positive samples in the hotel, which as a precautionary measure, was closed until requested improvements were made. Surveillance measures currently remain active.

Composition of free and adherent ruminal bacteria: inaccuracy of the microbial nutrient supply estimates obtained using free bacteria as reference samples and (15)N as the marker.

Previous studies have indicated that (15)N enrichment of solid-associated bacteria (SAB) may be predicted from the same value in liquid-associated bacteria (LAB). The aims of this study were to confirm this and to measure the error in the nutrient supply from SAB, when LAB are used as the reference sample. For this purpose, the chemical and amino acid (AA) compositions of both the bacterial populations were studied in four experiments carried out on different groups of three rumen cannulated wethers. Diets (one in Experiments 1 and 4 and three in Experiments 2 and 3) had forage-to-concentrate ratios (dry matter (DM) basis) between 2 : 1 and 40 : 60, and were consumed at intake levels between 40 and 75 g DM/kg (BW)(0.75). The bacteria samples were isolated after continuous infusion of ((15)NH(4))(2)SO(4) (40, 18, 30 and 25 mg (15)N/day, in Experiments 1 to 4, respectively) for at least 14 days. In all experiments, SAB had consistently higher concentrations of organic matter (826 v. 716 g/kg DM, as average) and total lipids (192 v. 95 g/kg DM, as average) than LAB. Similar CP concentrations of both populations were observed, except a higher concentration in SAB than in LAB in Experiment 3. A consistent (in Experiment 4 only as tendency) higher AA-N/total N ratio (on average 17.5%) was observed in SAB than in LAB. The (15)N enrichment in SAB was systematically lower than in LAB. On the basis of the results of all studies a close relationship was found between the (15)N enrichment in SAB and LAB, which was shown irrespective of experiments. This relationship was established from Experiments 1 and 2 and the above cited previous results (n = 20; P < 0.001; R(2) = 0.996), and then confirmed from the results of Experiments 3 and 4. These relationships between SAB and LAB demonstrate that CP supply from SAB is underevaluated by, on average, 21.2% when LAB are used as the reference. This underevaluation was higher for true protein and even higher for the lipid supply (32.5% and 59.6%, respectively, as an average of the four experiments). Large differences in AA profile were observed between SAB and LAB. The prediction equation obtained using (15)N as the marker may be used to correct the errors associated with the traditional use of LAB as the reference sample, and therefore to obtain more accurate estimates of the microbial nutrient supply to the ruminants.

Neuritis óptica luética en pacientes no VIH: revisión a propósito de 2 casos / Syphilitic optic neuritis in non HIV patients: review on 2 cases report

Introduction: Syphilis was an important cause of ocular inflammation during the pre-antibiotic era. Nowadays, its prevalence has clearly diminished and, although there has been an arousal of its manifestations in the Central Nervous System, mostly among HIV (+) patients; ocular compromise, particularly optic neuritis, are still infrequent. Nevertheless, the consequences of a late medical treatment maintain the importance of considering this diagnosis as an option in many clinical scenarios. Method: Review of the actual literature from the experience of two cases we recently treated. Discussion: We present the physiopathology clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of syphilis, specifically its neurological and ocular manifestations in HIV and no HIV patients, discussing whether is necessary to actively search for syphilis in patients consulting with optic neuritis. Conclusion: As VDRL is an accessible exam for the differential diagnostic of syphilis in patients cursing with optic neuritis, we propose to practice it always in every patient, we suspect this pathology.

Introducción: La sífilis fue en la época preantibiótica causa frecuente de inflamación ocular. Actualmente su prevalencia ha disminuido, y si bien hemos visto una recrudescencia de sus manifestaciones en el sistema nervioso central asociada a la enfermedad por VIH, las manifestaciones oculares, particularmente la Neuritis Óptica, siguen siendo muy infrecuentes. Sin embargo, las consecuencias del retraso de tratamiento antibiótico oportuno, obligan al médico a tener presente este diagnóstico en diversos escenarios clínicos. Método: Revisión bibliográfica a partir de la descripción de dos casos que tratamos recientemente. Discusión: Exponemos la fisiopatología, clínica, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la sífilis con consideraciones especiales en sus manifestaciones neurológicas y oftalmológicas, en paciente VIH como no VIH, discutiendo si es necesario buscar activamente la sífilis en casos de Neuritis Óptica. Conclusión: El VDRL como herramienta para realizar el diagnóstico diferencial en un cuadro de Neuritis Óptica es un examen accesible para el clínico, por lo que proponemos solicitarlo de rutina en todo paciente que presente esta patología.

Efectos crónicos y tratamiento con litio sobre la anatomía y función renal / Chronic effects of lithium treatment in renal anatomy and function

Lithium is a drug widely used in clinical psychiatry, often as first-line treatment. However, it has generated much controversy because of the likely adverse effects of both acute and chronic use, mainly in the kidney. With respect to prolonged exposure to lithium, it would be detrimental to the kidneys at variable extent, depending on factors such as duration of treatment, dosage of drug, patient age, renal damage, prior comorbidities, among others not yet sufficiently elucidated. The principal mechanism of renal function changes was determined by morphological changes, such as interstitial nephritis, interstitial-medullar fibrosis and tubular atrophy, all irreversible phenomena that ultimately lead to a tubuloglomerular imbalance and commitment of the GFR. Other aspects of chronic nephropathy induced by lithium and their production mechanisms are being studied, also the search and advanced diagnostic techniques to predict and / or detect early changes. Among them have described the pathology (renal biopsy), although this form of diagnosis is very late. Thus it seeks the introduction of imaging and serological markers of kidney failure as tools that provide information about kidney condition earlier.

El Litio es un fármaco ampliamente utilizado en psiquiatría, muchas veces como tratamiento de primera línea. Existe en la actualidad una activa controversia acerca de sus probables efectos adversos a nivel renal, tanto agudos como crónicos, ya que la exposición prolongada al Litio sería deletérea para el riñón en una magnitud variable, dependiendo de factores como duración del tratamiento, dosis del fármaco, edad del paciente, daño renal previo y comorbilidad, entre otros aún no suficientemente dilucidados. El origen del mecanismo principal de alteración de la función renal estaría en alteraciones morfológicas como la Nefritis Intersticial, la Fibrosis Intersticio-Medular y la Atrofia Tubular, todos fenómenos irreversibles que finalmente conducirían a un desbalance tubuloglomerular y a un compromiso de la VFG. Otros aspectos de la Neuropatía Crónica inducida por Litio y de sus mecanismos de producción se encuentran en estudio, así como también la búsqueda y perfeccionamiento de técnicas diagnósticas que permitan predeciry/o detectar tempranamente los cambios mencionados. Entre estas últimas se ha descrito la anatomía patológica (biopsia renal), aunque esta es una forma de diagnóstico muy tardía. Es por ello que se busca la introducción de la imagenología y de marcadores serológicos de falla renal como herramientas que entreguen información sobre la condición del riñón más precozmente.

[Gender bias in women with myocardial infarction: ten years after]. / Desigualdad de esfuerzo terapéutico en mujeres con infarto agudo de miocardio: 10 años después.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies show that the women with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) receive less fibrinolitic treatment than the men. The objective of this study is to analyze if it exists any difference in fibrinolysis related to gender and to compare the results with those obtained 10 years ago. DESIGN: Retrospective descriptive study that compare patients with AMI of less than 24 hours of evolution of studies Analysis of Delay in Acute Infarct of Myocardium (ARIAM) in 2003-2004 and Project of Analysis Epidemiologist of Critical Patient (PAEEC) of 1992-1993. SETTING: ICUs from 86 hospitals in Spain that participated in the PAEEC study and 120 ICUs in the ARIAM. PATIENTS: We compared data of 9,981 patients including in study ARIAM in 2003-2004 with 1,668 of the PAEEC of 1992-1993. RESULTS: Women were less likely to receive thrombolytic therapy than men (odds ratio= 0.82, p < 0.01), after adjusting for age, origin, size of the hospital and antecedents. The probability of fibrynolisis is lower in elderly, patients referred from the general ward, in hospitals of more than 1,000 beds and patients with arterial hypertension, stroke, diabetes or peripheral vascular disease. The probability of fibrinólisis is higher when patient is transferred from another hospital (followed by those of Emergencies Room), in the hospitals by less than 300 beds (followed by those of 300-1,000) and when history of prior ischemic heart disease exists. Comparing the two periods, has increased the frequency of fibrynolisis in both genders, although the increment has been greater in the women. CONCLUSIONS: The women with AMI continue receiving less fibrynolisis, although exists an increase in the number of treatments superior to register in the men.

Discovery of potent and selective adamantane-based small-molecule P2X(7) receptor antagonists/interleukin-1beta inhibitors.

A novel series of antagonists of the human P2X7 receptor is described. Modification of substituents enabled identification of compounds selective for the rat P2X7 receptor and provides useful pharmacological tools for evaluation of the role of P2X7 in disease.

Cuerpo extraño en vías respiratorias de niños. Atención en servicio de urgencia de un hospital municipal / Strange chem in respiratory roads. Take care in a pediatric urgency service in a municipal hospital

La broncoaspiración de cuerpos extraños en niñosmenores de tres años de edad es el accidenteque ocurre con mayor frecuencia en el hogar. Puedeocasionar la muerte en el momento del accidente opasar inadvertido para dar lugar después de semanas,meses o años, a la destrucción de los sitiosdonde quedaron alojados.Con el objetivo de conocer el comportamiento deeste accidente en el Servicio de Urgencias del HospitalMunicipal de Santa Cruz del Sur, se realizó unestudio retrospectivo a 118 niños que fueron atendidosen el cuerpo de guardia por aspiración de cuerpoextraño. Se hizo anamnesia detallada, exploraciónfísica, radiológico de tórax en posición anteroposterior,lateral y en inspiración y espiración forzada.También exploración broncoscópica bajo anestesiageneral y monitorización cardiorrespiratoria,con broncoscopio rígido de Wolf y posteriormentebroncoscopio Storz con pinzas ópticas. En todos loscasos se realizaron controles clínicos y radiológicosa las 12 y 24 h de la intervención.Predominaron los menores de 3 años con 60,9%,siendo los varones los más afectados en 68,6%. Lascaracterísticas de los cuerpos extraños fueron variablespredominando los vegetales y entre estos losfrutos secos en el 59,0%. El síntoma mas acentuadofue la tos persistente 81,3%, aislada o asociada aotros síntomas menos frecuentes como sibilancia,dificultad respiratoria y fiebre. La mayoría de los pacientespresentaron a su admisión hipoventilación72,0%. En cuanto a la radiología los signos más frecuentesfueron el atrapamiento aéreo por mecanismode válvula 61%

The bronchoaspiration of strange chem in childrenless than 3 years old is the accident that occuredfrequently at home. It may cause death at the momentof the accident or could happen inadvertent soas to often weeks, monthes or years may destroythe places where they were lodged. With the objectiveof know the behavior of this accident in the urgencyservice of Santa Cruz del Sur Municipal Hospital,it was carried out a retrospective study to 118children which were attended in an urgency roomcause aspiration of strange chem. It was developeda detail questionary, physic exploration, x-ray of toraxin anteroposterior, lateral position and forced inspirationand expiration. It was also made a broncoscopicexploration under general anaesthesia andcardiorespiratory monitorization with rigid broncoscopicof wolf, so later storz broncoscopic with opticspliers. In all the cases were developed clinic and radiologiccontrols during the first 12 and 24 hours ofintervention.In the investigation predominate the children lessthan 3 years old with a 60,9%, been the boys the moreafected ina 68,6%. The characteristics of strangechem were variables predominant the vegetables,andamong these the dry fruits in 50,0%. The moreaccented symptom was the persistant cought with a 81,3%, along or associated to others less frequentsymptoms such as: A finite sound, respiratory problemsand fever.The mayority of the patients presentedto their hipoventilation admission in a 72,0%; so,respect to the radiology the more frequents signs werethe aerial flytrap by mechanism of valve 61%

Actividad y educación sexual en adolescentes de una zona rural cubana / Sexual education and activity in teenagers of a cuban rural area

La inmadurez psico-social y cognitiva del adolescentelos hace altamente vulnerables a las consecuenciasadversas de la actividad sexual, influyendoen esta conducta diversas variables de la vidade relación.Para conocer el comportamiento sexual y algunosaspectos educativos sobre el mismo, se realizóun estudio observacional analítico, longitudinalprospectivo en 100 individuos, 50 féminas y 50 varones,de las edades comprendidas entre 10 y 19años, en una zona rural del municipio Nuevitas provinciaCamagüey. La muestra se tomó probabilísticamentedel universo correspondiente al área delpoliclínico Francisco Peña Peña. Se diseñó una encuestaque fue aplicada por los autores de la investigación,previo consentimiento informado de losparticipantes. Para los datos obtenidos y organizadosen tablas de frecuencias, se empleó la estadísticadescriptiva.El 36% manifestó haber tenido relaciones sexualesen edades mayores de 15 años y 23% en menosde esa edad. El 85% conoce el preservativo comométodo anticonceptivo, siendo las vías de informaciónsobre educación sexual más frecuentes losamigos y libros con 64% y 62% respectivamente.En la familia el factor más frecuente que protegiócontra la iniciación temprana de las relaciones sexualesfue el control de citas y salidas, mientras queen la escuela se señaló la motivación y el desempeñocon 75 respuestas para cada uno. En cuanto alos factores que contribuyeron al inicio de las relacionessexuales tempranas, relacionados con la casay escuela, se destacaron la ausencia de un sólidolazo madre-hijo y el fracaso escolar respectivamente

The hurry of psico-social and cognitive process inteenagers makes them highly vulnerable to the adverseconsequences of sexual activity, in this behaviorinfluence different variables of relation’s life. Soas to know the sexual conduct and some other educativeaspects about it we developed an analytic observationaland prospective length in 100 individual,among them, 50 are feminine and the rest are masculine,all of them have between 10 and 19 yearsold, these person belongs to a rural area of Nuevitasmunicipality in Camagüey province.The sign was probable taken from the correspondenceuniverse of the area of Francisco Peña PeñaPoliclinic. We designed an inquiry which was appliedby the authors of investigation, previously withthe information of all members; to the obtained basisand organized in frequency strips, we used the descriptivestatistics.The 36% manifested to have sexual relations inages elders than 15 years, and the 23% less of thatage, it’s sure that the 85% know all about the preservativeas a contraceptive method, been this the information ways about sexual education more frequently,friends and books with 64% and 26% respectively.In different families the more frequentlyfactor that protect them against the early initiation ofsexual relations was the control of appointmentsand going out, while at school it was show the motivationand performance with 75 answers to eachone. So talking about the hints that contributed tothe beginning of early sexual relations we shouldmention the missing of a strong relation mother-son,and the respectively school failure

Evaluación de trauma craneoencefálico en la infancia / Infancy neurosicologic evaluation of craniumencefalic trauma

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de 36 pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico severo en edades pediátricas en un período de cuatro años comprendido desde enero 1998 a diciembre de 2001 en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva del Hospital Pediátrico Provincial “Dr. Eduardo Agramonte Piña” de Camagüey (Cuba). El universo lo constituyeron todos los pacientes que alcanzaron una puntuación en la escala de Coma de Glasgow de 8 puntos o menos, o aquellos que tuvieron deterioro de la consciencia en las primeras 48 horas, donde se plantea como edad límite los menores de 16 años. Todos los pacientes fueron sometidos a un test de inteligencia (WISC) con la finalidad de clasificar su coeficiente intelectual y se le aplicó a cada niño una encuesta computarizada confeccionada por expertos. El sexo de mayor frecuencia fue el masculino y el grupo de edad, el comprendido entre 6-10 años. Sólo 3 pacientes fallecieron, 2 pacientes no se evaluaron por estar en estado vegetativo persistente, pero se clasificaron y se les aplicó a 31 pacientes el Test de WISC, clasificando a 21 de ellos como retrasados mentales severos, 9 pacientes como retrasados mentales moderados y sólo 3 pacientes como retrasados mentales profundos. Al evaluar la rehabilitación se aplicó otra escala, la de Jennet y Bonne donde se concluyó que 31 pacientes mantuvieron secuelas graves hasta el año de egresado del hospital

It was developed a descriptive investigation in 36 patients with a severe craniumencefalic trauma in pediatric ages in a period of four years, since January 1998 to December 2001. This work was carried out in the intensive therapy unit of Provincial Pediatric Hospital “Eduardo Agramonte Piña” in Camagüey, Cuba. The universe was established by all the patients that reach a punctuation in the scale of comma of Glasgow of 8 points or less, also those who had deterioration of conscience during the first 48 hours, where is establish as a limit year the youngest of 16 years. All the patients were submissive to an intelligence test (WISC) with the objective of classify their intellectual coefficient, so it was applied to each children an inquiry by some experts. The sex of greater frequency was the masculine, and the group of age comprehended between six and ten years. Just three patients died, two of them didn’t get the evaluation because of their persistent vegetative state, but they were classified, and it was applied to 31 patients the W.I.S.C test, classifying 21 among them as severe mental delay, 9 patients as moderated mental delay, and only 3 patients as deep mental delay. At the moment to evaluate in rehabilitation it was applied another scale, the one of Jennet and Bonne where we arrived to the conclusion that 31 patients maintained serious sequels since the year they went out from the hospital

Asma bronquial en niños. Inmunoterapia sublingual con dermatofhagoides pteronyssinus como alternativa de tratamiento / Bronchial asthma in children. Sublingual immunotherapy treatment alternative with dermatofhagoides pteronyssinus

Antecedentes. Inmunoterapia en Alergología, esbase de tratamiento de muchas patologías. Noexenta de molestias y riesgos al paciente, sobre todocuando se emplea por vía subcutánea, por lo quese están ensayando métodos alternativos de tratamientocomo la vía sublingual, sobre todo en niños.Material y métodos. En 50 asmáticos de entre 6y 15 años, se realizó un ensayo clínico terapéutico.Por asignación aleatoria, 25 de ellos recibieron Inmunoterapiasublingual (IS). Los 50 niños tenían comodenominador común antecedentes atópicos familiaresy personales, pruebas cutáneas positivas aácaros domésticos e IgE total elevada.El D. Pteronisinus se aplicó en concentracionesde 500 Unidades Biológicas (UB), 1000 UB, 2000UB, 5000 UB, 8000 UB y 10 000 UB. Se registraroncuantitativamente las visitas a consultas de urgenciasasí como el consumo de esteroides antes y duranteel ensayo.Se utilizó el test x2 de homogeneidad para ver sise mantenían las proporciones en ambos grupos.Se determinó el riesgo relativo y el intervalo de confianzadel 95%.Resultados. En atención de urgencia comparandoIS con los que no la recibieron el RR = 0.36, ICde 95% 0.15, 0.84, p =0.009 y con respecto al consumode corticosteroides, RR =0.27, IC de 95%0.10, 0.69, p =0.001.Conclusiones. La inmunoterapia sublingual, reduceel riesgo de asma en niños

Background. Subcutaneous immunotherapy inallergy is not extent of discomfort and hazards. Thereforealternative approaches for therapy are beingtested.Objective. To assess the effective of sublingualimmunotherapy (SI), with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus(Dp) in asthmatic children.Materials and methods. 50 asthmatics of bothsexes, ages 5-15 were randomly divided into twogroups. The first group received SI with Dp in concentrationsof 500 Biological Units (BU), 1000 BU,2000 BU, 5000 BU, 8000 BU and 10000 BU withpropilenglicol as a vehicle, in a dosage of two sublingualdrops daily. Both groups received conventionaltherapy and spirometry and total IgE were measuredevery 30 days, the use of bronchodilators and steroidswere assessed before and during the test.Results. The use of urgency service in patientswho received immunotherapy, relative risk (RR)=0.36, confidence interval (CI) 95%, 0.15, 0.84. Theuse of steroids equally decreased in patients receivinginmunotherapy (RR= 0.27, CI 95%, 0.10, 0.69.Conclusions. Sublingual immunotherapy doesreduce the risk for asthma episodes in children

Intoxicación por anís estrellado en niño de 19 días de vida / Aniseed intoxication in a child of 19 days of born

El anís estrellado en infusión es usado frecuentemente para el tratamiento del cólico y como tranquilizante en lactantes. Hay descritos recientemente lactantes con patología neurológica aguda relacionada con la ingestión de altas dosis de anís estrellado; sin embargo, en nuestro país están suficientemente divulgados los efectos tóxicos de esta infusión. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 19 días de vida que ingresa al Servicio de Urgencia con crisis convulsivas tras ingerir una cantidad considerable de anís estrellado y que precisó 3 dosis consecutivas de diazepan para su control. Dado que todas las pruebas complementarias de diagnóstico fueron normales, que la evolución fue satisfactoria, no se requirió otros tratamientos y que se mantiene asintomática varios meses después, cabe atribuir la etiología del cuadro al anís estrellado. Se discute la etiopatogenia de la toxicidad del anís estrellado y se insiste en la necesidad de control sanitario sobre todos los productos naturales con efecto farmacológico que se expenden en el mercado formal e informal (AU)

Factores de riesgo de bajo peso al nacer en el municipio de Santa Cruz, Camagüey (Cuba) / Risk factors of low weights to be born in Santa Cruz town in Camagüey, Cuba

A pesar de los esfuerzos que se hacen por mejorar los indicadores del programa materno infantil, el bajo peso al nacer continúa aportando muertes y gastos enormes a la salud en la mayoría de los países del mundo, pues resulta imposible controlar todos los factores que intervienen en el nacimiento de una vida humana. Con el propósito de conocer el comportamiento de los factores de riesgo de bajo peso al nacer, se realiza un estudio de casos y controles en 78 nacimientos con bajo peso y en igual número de nacidos con peso normal. Los grupos de edades de embarazadas con mayores riesgos de recién nacidos de bajo peso, fueron las madres con menos de 16 años, seguidas de las de 35 y más años y luego las de 16 a 20 años. En cuanto a otros factores de riesgo, la mayor fuerza de asociación fue el período intergenésico corto, las infecciones urinarias y la hipertensión arterial, seguido del traumatismo, la anemia y la poca ganancia de peso (AU)