[Psychosocial issues of mothers whose children have sickle cell disease]. / Vécu psychosocial des mères d'enfants drépanocytaires.

OBJECTIVES: To study and describe the psychological responses (depression and anxiety), the coping strategies, and the impact of sickle cell disease on the quality of life (QOL) of mothers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of mothers with affected children was conducted at the university hospital center of Brazzaville, between February and April 2014. Hamilton and Beck scales, the Brief-COPE, and the Short Form Health Survey were used to assess anxiety, depression, coping strategies, and QOL, respectively. RESULTS: In all, 104 mothers of children with sickle cell disease were surveyed. Of the subjects, 73 (70.2%) had depression and 85 (81.7%) anxiety, while 19 (18.3%) mothers were neither anxious nor depressed. The study shows that depression occurred more often among mothers whose children presented with at least three vaso-occlusive crises (CVO) requiring hospitalization per year (OR=5.1; range=1.8-13.9), at least one blood transfusion (OR=6; range=2.3-15.5), and those whose disease had been known for at least 5 years (OR=3; range=1.2-7.2). On the contrary, maternal anxiety was influenced only by the number of transfusions and CVO requiring hospitalization. The main coping strategy was religious coping (65.4%) followed by acceptance (60%). The QOL of mothers with affected children was impaired in 56.7% of cases. Altered QOL was related to the number of hospitalized CVO per year, i.e., equal to or greater than 3 (OR=6.5; range=2.1-19.6 [P<0.01]), and the number of blood transfusions equal to or greater than 1 (OR=2.9; range=1.2-7.3 [P<0.025]). CONCLUSION: Sickle cell disease is a heavy burden for mothers caring for these children. Mental health disorders are present at the time of diagnosis and in everyday life.

Connaissances et attitudes des femmes congolaises sur la prévention de la transmission mère enfant du VIH

Dans le but de réduire la transmission mère-enfant du VIH, nous avons entre mai et octobre 2013, soit en 6 mois, évaluées connaissances et attitudes des femmes congolaises en matière de PTME. Les gestantes et les accouchées récentes congolaises consentantes ayant consulté dans les hôpitaux et centres de santé de Brazzaville et de Pointe-Noire ont constitué notre population d'étude. Nos sources de données étaient l'interview des femmes ainsi que les fiches des consultations prénatales. Les variables d'étude étaient : l'âge, le niveau d'instruction, la connaissance de l'infection à VIH, son mode de contamination et ses moyens de prévention, la connaissance de la transmission mère-enfant, le moment de cette transmission, les moyens de la prévention de sa transmission, la connaissance de l'existence du programme PTME au Congo, et l'attitude des femmes devant la proposition du test de dépistage du VIH. Le test Chi² de PEASON a permis de comparer les variables qualitatives. Le seuil de signification statistique était fixé à 5%. Cinq cents (500) femmes ont été inclues, elles avaient moins de 19 ans n=92 (18,4%), entre 20 à 24 ans n=133 (26,6%), entre 25 à 29 ans n=199(23,8%), 30 à 34 ans n=82(16,4%), et, 35 ans et plus n=74(14,8%).Elles avaient un niveau d'instruction primaire n= 197 (39,4%), secondaire n= 251.Le VIH était connu n=493(99,40%).La source d'information était les médias n=272(54,4%).Les voies de contamination du VIH connues étaient : la voie sexuelle n=488, la contamination par les objets souillés n=375.Les moyens de prévention du VIH étaient connus n=485(97%). Il s'est agi du préservatif n=274(54,8%), la fidélité n=5(1%) et l'abstinence n=3(0,6%).La possibilité de transmission du virus de la mère à l'enfant était connue n= 426(85,2%). Les moyens de prévention de la transmission mère-enfant du VIH cités étaient : la prise des ARV pendant la grossesse n=270 (53,4%), l'usage des substituts de lait en lieu et place du lait maternel n=87(17,20%).Le programme de prévention de la transmission mère-enfant du VIH était connu n= 244(46,80%) et la proposition de la réalisation d'un test de dépistage était acceptée n=224(44,80%). L'incidence élevée du VIH au Congo ainsi que la possibilité bien connue de la transmission du virus de la mère à l'enfant nécessitent que soient renforcées les connaissances des femmes en matière de VIH. Le bon suivi de la grossesse et de l'accouchement constitue l'autre axe de prévention

Hernies ombilicales étranglées chez l'enfant au Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Brazzaville

Introduction : Dans le but d'améliorer la prise en charge des hernies ombilicales étranglées, une étude descriptive à recueil rétrospectif couvrant la période de janvier 2008 à décembre 2013 soit en 6 ans, a été réalisée dans le service de chirurgie pédiatrique portant sur les enfants opérés en urgence pour une hernie ombilicale étranglée. Matériel et méthodes : Les enfants de 3 mois à 15 ans, hospitalisés pour une hernie ombilicale étranglée et dont les dossiers étaient exploitables ont été retenus. Les paramètres étudiés étaient : la fréquence, l'âge, le sexe, le niveau socio-économique, la période saisonnière, le délai de consultation, le mode de révélation de l'étranglement, la voie d'abord, le viscère hernié, les gestes pratiqués et l'évolution post-opératoire. Résultats : Au total, 134 enfants ont été traités pour hernie ombilicale pendant cette période. Parmi eux, 39 cas (29%) l'étaient pour une hernie ombilicale étranglée. Ils avaient un âge moyen de 3,5 ans [extrêmes : 3 mois et 15 ans]. Le délai moyen de consultation était de 52 heures [extrêmes : 5 heures et 192 heures]. Trente-neuf (100%) cas avaient une masse ombilicale douloureuse irréductible. Le diamètre du collet herniaire variait entre 0,5 à 1,5 cm. L'incision curviligne péri-ombilicale inférieure était réalisée dans tous les cas. L'intestin grêle était le principal organe retrouvé dans le sac herniaire (79,5%). Une nécrose intestinale était notée dans 4 cas (10%) dont 3 avaient consulté au-delà de 72 heures, ayant nécessité une résection intestinale suivie d'une anastomose iléo iléale termino-terminale. Six (15%) cas de suppuration pariétale ont été notés. Conclusion : Le risque de nécrose intestinale retrouvé dans notre étude nécessite que la prise en charge soit précoce. Ainsi lorsque la taille du collet ombilical est inférieure ou égale à 1,5 cm, l'acte chirurgical s'impose

Complications aiguës sévères chez l'enfant drépanocytaire en Afrique

Contexte : Les complications aiguës de la drépanocytose homozygote sont les manifestations cliniques les plus fréquentes chez l'enfant drépanocytaire. Elles peuvent pour certaines se révéler d'emblée sévères majorant ainsi le taux de mortalité déjà important chez l'enfant drépanocytaire. Par ce travail, nous avons tenu à étudier les aspects épidémiologiques et cliniques des complications aiguës sévères de l'enfant drépanocytaire.Matériels et méthode : Il s'est agi d'une étude rétrospective réalisée sur une période de 2 ans dans l'unité des soins intensif pédiatrique du CHU de Brazzaville (Congo). Cent quatre-vingt-huit dossiers d'enfants drépanocytaires homozygotes (SS) ayant développé une complication aiguë sévère ont été inclus dans notre étude.Résultats : L'âge moyen au moment du diagnostic était de 69,26 mois et le sex-ratio de 1,04. Quarante-six virgule huit pour cent (46,8%) des tuteurs légaux de ces enfants n'étaient pas salariés. Les crises hyper hémolytiques aiguës étaient retrouvées dans 46,8% des cas suivies des crises mixtes avec 27,7% des cas. Parmi les facteurs déclenchant, les infections étaient les facteurs majoritairement retrouvés avec 93,6% des cas. Les infections étaient diagnostiquées comme bactériennes dans 59,57% suivies du paludisme dans 32,44%. Le taux d'hémoglobine moyen était de 5,83 g/dl

[Study of 11 new cases of Kawasaki disease Congolese]. / Étude de onze nouveaux cas congolais de maladie de Kawasaki.

Kawasaki's disease (KD) is a rarely described entity in Africa. The purpose of this work is to describe the clinical, biological and evolutionary aspects of KD in the Congolese child. This is a retrospective study of 11 cases of KD collected from 2003 to 2014 at the University Hospital of Brazzaville. The diagnosis was based on the criteria proposed by the Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome Research Commitee and validated by the Center for Disease Control grouping the major criteria originally described by Kawasaki and updated by the American Heart Association. The sex-ratioM/F was 2.7 and the mean age of 16.5 ± 5.9 months (range 9 to 43 months). The average intake time was 12.8 ± 5.9 days (range 6 and 30). In nine cases there was a complete form. The symptoms began with an invasion of the upper airway in 8 cases. Achieving oropharyngeal was in the form of oral enanthema with strawberry tongue and / or angular cheilitis; it was associated with perineal erythema in 7 cases. Reaching the end realized swelling and/or redness and / or peeling finger gloves or flap toes. The latter occurred at an average of 11 ± 3.5 days (range 8 to 16) after the start of the fever. The treatment with acetylsalicylic acid administered to all children, began within varying between 4 and 15 days of admission. The defervescence was obtained after 5.3 ± 2.6 days (range 4 to 11). The average hospital stay was 16.6 ± 9.7 days (range: 11 to 25 days). The evolution after discharge was considered favorable in all cases. However, no control echocardiography was performed. KD remains an ubiquitous condition but with a variable incidence from one continent to another. The arrival of the twodimensional ultrasound should enable the systematic investigation of coronary abnormalities to catch up unnoticed past cases but also to prevent complications related there.

[Epidemiology and outcome of Congolese children who had surgery for heart defects]. / Épidémiologie et devenir des enfants congolais opérés pour cardiopathies congénitales.

AIMS: to determine the principal heart defects for which children underwent surgery and to determine the survival rate. PATIENT AND METHODS: this retrospective cohort study involves Congolese babies treated surgically from September 1989 to September 2010 in France for congenital heart defects (through "Mécénat chirurgie cardiaque" and "Chaîne de l'espoir"). It includes only 110 of the 182 recorded patients during the study period. RESULTS: The sex ratio for the 110 subjects included in the analysis was 1. Their mean age at surgery was 77.4 ± 57.6 months old (range: 8 to 204 months). The main congenital heart defects for which surgery was performed were ventricular septal defect (21.9%), tetralogy of Fallot either isolated (22.8%) or associated with patent foramen ovale (1.8%) or coronary anomalies (1.8%), atrial septal defect associated with other malformations (8.2%), pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (5.5%), aortic stenosis (3.7%), atrioventricular septal defect (0.9%), and Laubry-Pezzi syndrome (0.9%). The median length of follow-up was 42.4 ± 35.6 months (range, 3-240 months). Patients' mean age at the study's end was 121.1 ± 86.3 months (range 20-372 months). The 5-year survival rate was 90% and the 20-year survival, 83.3%. CONCLUSION: Heart surgery for congenital heart defects has improved survival.

[Short-term prognosis of heart diseases managed at the pediatric intensive care unit of the Brazzaville University Hospital]. / Pronostic immédiat des cardiopathies prises en charge dans le service des soins intensifs pédiatriques du CHU de Brazzaville.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the main heart diseases of children admitted to our pediatric intensive care unit. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2011 (January to December) in the pediatric intensive care of the Brazzaville University Hospital. RESULTS: The study included 42 children, 27 of them girls (64.3%). Their mean age was 2.6 ± 3.4 years, and the mean age of their mothers 26.6 ± 5.1 years. The reasons for admission were dyspnea (n = 34, 81%), fever (n = 21, 50%), edema syndrome (n = 8, 19%), squatting (n = 5, 12%), impaired consciousness (n = 4), seizures (n = 3, 7.1%), shock (n = 2, 4.8%), and malaise (n = 1, 2%). Associated signs included coughing (n = 30, 71.4%), impaired general condition (n = 14, 33.3%), cyanosis (n = 9, 21.4%), and chest deformity (n = 15, 35.7%). Heart failure was found in 28 cases (66.7%), as was congenital heart disease. The main heart diseases were ventricular septal defects (n = 13), cardiomyopathy (n = 9), and the tetralogy of Fallot (n = 6). The most common factors of decompensation were anemia (n = 12, 28.6%) and bronchopneumonia (n = 11, 26.2%). The immediate mortality rate was 23.8%. CONCLUSION: The heart diseases in children admitted in critical situations usually required surgical care, not available in our country. Rapid treatment is possible by strengthening South-South cooperation with neighboring countries where cardiac surgery is available.

[Priapism in children and adolescents with homozygous sickle cell disease in Brazzaville]. / Priapisme chez l'enfant et l'adolescent drépanocytaire homozygote à Brazzaville.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of priapism, assess knowledge and appreciate its characteristics in childhood sickle cell disease. METHODOLOGY: A case-control study was conducted at the University Hospital of Brazzaville (Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Clinical Urology). The cases consisted of 202 sickle cell anemia who are at least 5 years. Witnesses consisted of 112 children with sickle cell disease not of the same age from the same family as the previous. RESULTS: Priapism was found in 68 (34%) affected children, divided into 54 cases (79.4%) of chronic intermittent priapism and 14 cases (20.6%) of acute priapism. In the control group no cases were observed (p=0.001). Priapism was known by six (3%) patients in the group of children with sickle cell disease. In the control group, it was known by 25 (22.3%) children. It was seen in the group of sickle cell disease as any: 113 children (56%), a natural phenomenon that can occur in life: 57 children (28%), a complication of sickle cell disease: 26 children (13%). In the control group, it was considered a natural phenomenon that can occur in life: 60 children (53.6%), a complication of sickle cell disease: 52 children (46.4%). The average age of priapism occurred in the first episode was 10.4±9.5 years. CONCLUSION: The importance of the prevalence of priapism, and insufficient knowledge needed strengthening information, education and communication with children and their parents.

[Tooth decay in school environment at Brazzaville (Congo)]. / La carie dentaire en milieu scolaire a Brazzaville (Congo).

AIM: To determine the frequency of dental caries and habits that can be the cause of this disease in Brazzaville. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted in primary schools between February and May 2010. This study involved a sample of 307 students of both sexes, aged 4-15 years from school in the city of Brazzaville. RESULTS: Prevalence of dental caries was 53.4% and the index of DMFT 2.06. Use of toothbrush was 99.4%. Two children (0.7%) brushed their teeth three times a day. There was a statistical link between regularity of brushing and occurrence of caries. The prevalence of caries was of 53% in children who brushed once a day and 12.8% in those who brushed twice a day. No decay was noted in those who brushed three times a day (p = 0.001). The DMFT was 2.06 in children who used non-fluoridated toothpaste and 1.13 in those who used the fluoridated toothpaste (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: To ensure students a better oral hygiene and healthier teeth, a module in oral health education in schools is one of the way to fight against this public health problem.

[Prescription of antibiotic drugs for children at the Brazzaville University Hospital Center (Congo)]. / Évaluation de l'antibiothérapie initiale en milieu pédiatrique au CHU de Brazzaville (Congo).

UNLABELLED: Antibiotics are a class of drugs commonly prescribed in pediatric practice, often inappropriately. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of antibiotic prescription in hospitalized children, assess the quality of prescribing, and identify factors related to inappropriate prescriptions. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted from July through December 2009 (6 months). It included data about 464 children aged from 1 month-16 years who received antibiotic therapy. RESULTS: Antibiotics were prescribed to 61.5% of the children admitted to the hospital. Their mean age was 18.6 ± 20.2 months, and most (78%) were younger than 2 years. The indications for antibiotics were dominated by acute respiratory infections (46%), diarrhea (16%), and severe sepsis (12%). The prescriptions were written by pediatricians in 179 cases (38.6%), and by residents or interns in the other cases. The beta-lactam antibiotics (79%), aminoglycosides (8%) and sulfonamides (7%) were prescribed most often. The initial antibiotic therapy was changed in 82 cases. The indication for antibiotic therapy was correct in 325 cases and the type chosen appropriate in 229, the dosage correct in 437 cases, and the duration correct in 390. The route of administration was intravenous in 243 cases (40.3%), oral in 194 (41.8%), and intramuscular in 37 (7.9%). The qualification of the prescriber was associated with relevance, choice and dosage. The dosage was correct when the drug was administered parenterally in 248 cases (56.8%); in contrast, it was incorrect in 189 cases (43.7%; p>0.05) of oral administration. The route of administration was related to the choice of antibiotic. Thus, it was appropriate when the route was parenteral in 162 cases (70.7%) and in only 67 cases (29.3%) for the oral route (p <0.001). CONCLUSION: Errors in antibiotic prescriptions could be improved by standardized treatment guidelines, compliance with international recommendations, a consistent approach to diagnosis, and better laboratory performance.

[Determinants of cerebral malaria in Congolese children]. / Déterminants du neuropaludisme en milieu pédiatrique congolais.

Malaria still constitutes a worrying problem of public health. It remains an important cause of infant mortality. To determine the determinants of severe malaria a case control study was carried out from July to December 2011 in the pediatric intensive care department of the university hospital of Brazzaville. The group included 230 children hospitalised for severe malaria, and the control group consisted of children followed up for non-severe malaria. Cases and controls were compared using statistical tests for matched group. The young age of the mother (OR=4.13), her poor education level (OR=2.36), the low socioeconomic level of parents (OR=5.90), the malnutrition (OR=2.67), the delay of consultation (OR=13.69) and parasitemia were associated with significantly higher risk of severe malaria. The importance of identified determinants imposes the implementation of primary prevention measures, which pass through the amelioration of socioeconomic and cultural conditions of populations, the reinforcement of sanitary education, and also a secondary prevention consisting of an early and accurate management of ordinary malaria.