GPER modulates tone and coronary vascular reactivity in male and female rats.

Compared with age-matched men, premenopausal women are largely protected from coronary artery disease, a difference that is lost after menopause. The effects of oestrogens are mediated by the activation of nuclear receptors (ERα and ERß) and by the G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER). This study aims to evaluate the potential role of GPER in coronary circulation in female and male rats. The baseline coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and the concentration-response curve with a GPER agonist (G-1) were evaluated in isolated hearts before and after the blockade of GPER. GPER, superoxide dismutase (SOD-2), catalase and gp91phox protein expression were assessed by Western blotting. Superoxide production was evaluated 'in situ' via dihydroethidium fluorescence (DHE). GPER blockade significantly increased the CPP in both groups, demonstrating the modulation of coronary tone by GPER. G-1 causes relaxation of the coronary bed in a concentration-dependent manner and was significantly higher in female rats. No differences were detected in GPER, SOD-2 and catalase protein expression. However, gp91phox expression and DHE fluorescence were higher in male rats, indicating elevated superoxide production. Therefore, GPER plays an important role in modulating coronary tone and reactivity in female and male rats. The observed differences in vascular reactivity may be related to the higher superoxide production in male rats. These findings help to elucidate the role of GPER-modulating coronary circulation, providing new information to develop a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of coronary heart disease.

Testosterone Replacement Therapy Prevents Alterations of Coronary Vascular Reactivity Caused by Hormone Deficiency Induced by Castration.

The present study aimed to determine the effects of chronic treatment with different doses of testosterone on endothelium-dependent coronary vascular reactivity in male rats. Adult male rats were divided into four experimental groups: control (SHAM), castrated (CAST), castrated and immediately treated subcutaneously with a physiological dose (0.5 mg/kg/day, PHYSIO group) or supraphysiological dose (2.5 mg/kg/day, SUPRA group) of testosterone for 15 days. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was assessed at the end of treatment through tail plethysmography. After euthanasia, the heart was removed and coronary vascular reactivity was assessed using the Langendorff retrograde perfusion technique. A dose-response curve for bradykinin (BK) was constructed, followed by inhibition with 100 µM L-NAME, 2.8 µM indomethacin (INDO), L-NAME + INDO, or L-NAME + INDO + 0.75 µM clotrimazole (CLOT). We observed significant endothelium-dependent, BK-induced coronary vasodilation, which was abolished in the castrated group and restored in the PHYSIO and SUPRA groups. Furthermore, castration modulated the lipid and hormonal profiles and decreased body weight, and testosterone therapy restored all of these parameters. Our results revealed an increase in SBP in the SUPRA group. In addition, our data led us to conclude that physiological concentrations of testosterone may play a beneficial role in the cardiovascular system by maintaining an environment that is favourable for the activity of an endothelium-dependent vasodilator without increasing SBP.

Swimming training prevents fat deposition and decreases angiotensin II-induced coronary vasoconstriction in ovariectomized rats.

We investigated the effects of chronic swimming training (ST) on the deposition of abdominal fat and vasoconstriction in response to angiotensin II (ANG II) in the coronary arterial bed of estrogen deficient rats. Twenty-eight 3-month old Wistar female rats were divided into 4 groups: sedentary sham (SS), sedentary-ovariectomized (SO), swimming-trained sham (STS) and swimming-trained ovariectomized (STO). ST protocol consisted of a continuous 60-min session, with a 5% BW load attached to the tail, completed 5 days/week for 8-weeks. The retroperitoneal, parametrial, perirenal and inguinal fat pads were measured. The intrinsic heart rate (IHR), coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and a concentration-response curve to ANG II in the coronary bed was constructed using the Langendorff preparation. Ovariectomy (OVX) significantly reduced 17-ß-estradiol plasma levels in SO and STO groups (p<0.05). The STO group had a significantly reduced retroperitoneal and parametrial fat pad compared with the SO group (p<0.05). IHR values were similar in all groups; however, baseline CPP was significantly reduced in the SO, STS and STO groups compared with the SS group (p<0.05). ANG II caused vasoconstriction in the coronary bed in a concentration-dependent manner. The SO group had an increased response to ANG II when compared with all other experimental groups (p<0.05), which was prevented by 8-weeks of ST in the STO group (p<0.05). OVX increased ANG II-induced vasoconstriction in the coronary vascular bed and abdominal fat pad deposition. Eight weeks of swimming training improved these vasoconstrictor effects and decreased abdominal fat deposition in ovariectomized rats.

Gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy: the same impact on IL-6 and TNF-α. Prospective clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Due to the association between the quantity of adipose tissue and concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), this work aimed to assess the effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) procedures on serum IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations. METHODS: This study evaluated serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels, as well as routine anthropometric and biochemical values, before and 1 year post-bariatric surgery. Fifty percent of patients (n = 24) underwent RYGB, and 50 % (n = 24) underwent SG. Prior to bariatric surgery, IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression levels in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were investigated in obese women. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in all anthropometric and routine biochemical measurements in patients in the RYGB and SG groups 1 year post-surgery. The serum concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α were reduced following surgery in both groups (p < 0.05). No differences in the relative expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were found between SAT and VAT prior to bariatric surgery. CONCLUSIONS: RYGB and SG procedures demonstrated a similar impact on adipokine levels in women 1 year post-surgery. Both techniques may improve the course of chronic diseases and the state of inflammation associated with obesity.

Tibolone has anti-inflammatory effects in estrogen-deficient female rats on the natriuretic peptide system and TNF-alpha.

Cardiovascular and immune system abnormalities have been reported in females with estrogen deficiency. To control these disorders in post-menopausal women, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been used. Tibolone has been used as a HRT, but the effects of tibolone on the natriuretic peptide system have not been determined. We investigated the effects of tibolone on the natriuretic peptide system and pro-inflammatory cytokines in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Female rats were divided into four groups: SHAM, OVX, OVX treated with 17ß-estradiol (OVX+E: 14 days) and OVX treated with tibolone (OVX+T: 14 days) beginning 21 days after ovariectomy. On day 35, blood was collected to determine atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. In addition, tissues were collected for determining ANP, natriuretic peptide receptor type-A (NPR-A), and NPR type-C (NPR-C) gene expression levels by RT-PCR. The cytokine levels of both IL-6 and TNF-α were increased in OVX animals. In comparison, IL-6 and TNF-α levels were reduced in OVX+E animals. TNF-α levels were reduced similarly in OVX+T animals, but IL-6 levels remained elevated in this group. The concentrations of ANP in the left atrium tissue and plasma were decreased after ovariectomy, as were ANP mRNA levels in the left atrium and NPR-A mRNA levels in kidney. No variation in NPR-C gene expression in the kidney tissue was observed among the groups. Tibolone and 17ß-estradiol effectively increased plasma ANP and ANP mRNA levels in the left atrium, but did not normalize renal NPR-A levels. Since HRT with tibolone normalizes plasma ANP and serum TNF-alpha levels our results suggest that treatment with tibolone has anti-inflammatory effects and could prevent cardiovascular disease in the long-term.

Tributyltin impairs the coronary vasodilation induced by 17ß-estradiol in isolated rat heart.

Triorganotins, such as tributyltin (TBT), are environmental contaminants that are commonly used as antifouling agents for boats. However, TBT is also known to alter mammalian reproductive functions. Although the female sex hormones are primarily involved in the regulation of reproductive functions, 17ß-estradiol also protects against cardiovascular diseases, in that this hormone reduces the incidence of coronary artery disease via coronary vasodilation. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of 100 ng/kg TBT administered daily by oral gavage for 15 d on coronary functions in female Wistar rats. Findings were correlated with changes in sex steroids concentrations. Tributyltin significantly increased the baseline coronary perfusion pressure and impaired vasodilation induced by 17ß-estradiol. In addition, TBT markedly decreased serum 17ß-estradiol levels accompanied by a significant rise in serum progesterone levels. Tributyltin elevated collagen deposition in the heart interstitium and number of mast cells proximate to the cardiac vessels. There was a positive correlation between the increase in coronary perfusion pressure and incidence of cardiac hypertrophy. In addition, TBT induced endothelium denudation (scanning electron microscopy) and accumulation of platelets. Moreover, TBT impaired coronary vascular reactivity to estradiol (at least in part), resulting in endothelial denudation, enhanced collagen deposition and elevated number of mast cells. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that TBT exposure may be a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disorders in rats.

Role of the renin-angiotensin system in the nandrolone-decanoate-induced attenuation of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex.

The androgen nandrolone decanoate (ND) is known to cause cardiovascular abnormalities, such as attenuation of the Bezold-Jarisch Reflex (BJR), cardiac hypertrophy, and elevation of mean arterial pressure (MAP). Futhermore, a relationship between androgens and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of RAS on the BJR, cardiac and prostatic hypertrophy, and MAP evoked by ND. For this, male Wistar rats were treated with ND (10 mg·(kg body mass)(-1) for 8 weeks; DECA), or vehicle (control animals; CON), or enalapril (10 mg·(kg body mass)(-1), daily; CONE), or ND and enalapril (10 mg ND + 10 mg enalapril per kilogram of body mass; DECAE). After 8 weeks of treatment, the BJR was evaluated by bradycardia and hypotensive responses that were elicited by serotonin administration (2-32 µg·(kg body mass)(-1)). MAP was assessed; cardiac and prostate hypertrophy were determined by the ratio of the tissue mass:body mass, and by histological analysis of the heart. Animals from the DECA group showed prostatic and cardiac hypertrophy, elevation in mean arterial pressure, and an impairment of BJR. Co-treatment with enalapril inhibited these changes. The data from the present study suggest that RAS has an impact on BJR attenuation, cardiac and prostatic hypertrophy, and the elevation in MAP evoked by ND.

Raloxifene reduces blood pressure in hypertensive animals after ovarian hormone deprivation.

Raloxifene is a selective oestrogen receptor modulator that has been approved for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. Studies have revealed several effects of raloxifene on the cardiovascular system, which might contribute to the blood pressure regulatory mechanisms, particularly in the systemic arterial hypertension. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of raloxifene on the blood pressure, renal excretion of water and Na(+) and plasma nitrite/nitrate levels in 2-kidney-1-clip (2K1C) hypertensive female rats. The groups were as follows: hypertensive (2K1C), hypertensive ovariectomized (2K1C + OVX) and hypertensive ovariectomized treated with raloxifene (2K1C + OVX + R). Seven days after the surgery that produced menopause, 2K1C hypertension was produced in anaesthetized animals. Seven days after the clip application, the rats were put into metabolic cages to allow for the measurement of water ingestion and diuresis, and raloxifene was administered (2 mg/kg/day i.p., for 7 more days). We found a large reduction (p < 0.01) in mean arterial pressure (197 ± 6 to 164 ± 2 mmHg), an increase in renal excretion of sodium and water (p < 0.05) and an increase in plasma levels of nitrite/nitrate in 2K1C + OVX + R animals, when compared with the 2K1C (23.4 ± 1 versus 14 ± 0.5 nmol/mL; p < 0.01, respectively). These findings suggest that raloxifene exerted its antihypertensive effect, at least in part, by improving the renal excretion of sodium and water.

Glycemic and urinary volume responses in diabetic mellitus rats treated with Solanum lycocarpum.

Dietary fiber performs important functions in diabetes mellitus control and treatment. In this study, we evaluate the reduction in plasma glucose after the treatment of diabetic rats with high-fiber Solanum lycocarpum flour. We found that serum glucose, water and food intake, urine excretion, and urine sodium concentration were reduced in S. lycocarpum flour-treated diabetic rats (TDRs), compared with diabetic control rats (DCRs). In addition, TDRs did not show signs of kidney hypertrophy, unlike those in the DCR group. These results suggest that the use of S. lycocarpum flour can be an effective support in diabetes mellitus treatment.

Uso crônico de decanoato de nandrolona como fator de risco para hipertensão arterial pulmonar em ratos Wistar / Chronic use of nandrolone decanoate as risk factor for pulmonary arterial hypertension in Wistar rats

INTRODUÇÃO: O uso indiscriminado de esteróides anabolizantes sintéticos, análogos à testosterona, implica aumento do risco cardiovascular e hipertrofia cardíaca. Assim, o aumento da massa ventricular direita corrigido pelo peso corporal (i.é., hipertrofia ventricular direita - HVD), poderia elevar o risco para o desenvolvimento de hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP). OBJETIVOS: Examinar os efeitos do tratamento em longo prazo com decanoato de nadrolona na HVD e sua relação com a HAP em ratos. MÉTODOS: 16 ratos Wistar com três meses de idade foram aleatoriamente divididos em dois grupos: 1) controle-sham (CONT, n = 8); 2) tratados com decanoato de nandrolona (DECA, n = 8). O tratamento consistiu na aplicação intramuscular de Deca-durabolin® 6.0mg.kg-1 de peso corporal durante quatro semanas. Após tratamento, os animais foram anestesiados com hidrato de cloral (4.0mL.kg-1, i.p.), submetidos à cateterização da artéria femoral para registro da pressão arterial media (PAM) e frequência cardíaca (FC). O coração, os rins e o fígado foram retirados, pesados e avaliados os índices de hipertrofia, os quais foram calculados pela razão da massa do órgão pelo peso corporal (mg.g-1). RESULTADOS: Os animais tratados com DECA apresentaram aumento (p < 0,01) do peso corporal (338 ± 6g) vs. CONT (315 ± 5g). Não houve alterações da PAM, embora houvesse (p < 0,01) bradicardia nos animais tratados com DECA (321 ± 13bpm) vs. CONT (368 ± 11bpm). Verificou-se significativa (p < 0,01) hipertrofia dos ventrículos e rins, mas não no fígado. A correlação entre a HVD e PAM no grupo DECA apresentou coeficiente de Pearson positivo e maior (r² = 0,4013) quando comparado com o controle (r² = 0,0003). CONCLUSÕES: Esses dados demonstram que o uso em longo prazo de decanoato de nandrolona induz importante bradicardia e HVD, o que sugere aumento do risco para HAP.

INTRODUCTION: The unsystematic use of anabolic steroids, synthetic analogs of testosterone, implies enhanced cardiovascular risk and cardiac hypertrophy. Thus, increased right ventricular mass corrected by the body weight (e.g.right ventricular hypertrophy -RVH) could raise the risk for development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). OBJECTIVES: to examine the effects of long-term chronic treatment with nandrolone decanoate on the RVH and its relationship with PAH in rats. METHODS: 16 three-month Wistar male rats were treated with nandrolone decanoate (6.0 mg/kg-1 body weight; DECA, n=8) or control vehicle (CONT, n=8). The drug and vehicle were administered by a single injection in the femoral muscle once a week for 4 weeks. After the treatment, rats were anesthetized with chloral hydrate (4.0mL/kg-1, ip), and catheterized in the femoral artery. Twenty-four hours later, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart ratio were measured. The heart, kidneys and liver were removed, weighed and the rates of hypertrophy (RH) were measured, which were calculated by the ratio of the weight of the organs by the body weight (mg.g-1). RESULTS: DECA treatment increased body weight (338 ± 6g; p <0.01) vs. CONT (315 ± 5g). This treatment had no effect on the MAP (CONT, 110±4mmHg, DECA, 113 ± 4mmHg). However, the bradycardia of animals treated with DECA (321 ± 13bpm, p<0.01) was significantly lower than that of CONT (368 ±11bpm). RH increased (p <0.01) the cardiac ventricles and the kidneys, but not in the liver. The correlation between the RVH and MAP in DECA showed positive and higher Pearson's coefficient (r² = 0.4013) vs CONT (r² = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that chronic nandrolone decanoate treatment induced bradycardia and RVH, which suggests increased risk for PAH.

Ultrasound lipoclasia on subcutaneous adipose tissue to produce acute hyperglycemia and enhance acute inflammatory response in healthy female rats.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound lipoclasia (USL) on white adipose tissue (WAT) has been largely used in the treatment of cellulite. Nevertheless, the acute consequences of this therapy on metabolism and biochemical profile are significant and should be taken into account. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the acute metabolic effects of USL in WAT of healthy rats using analyses of body composition, biochemical profile, and inflammatory markers. METHODS: Female Wistar rats weighing approximately 250 g were divided into two groups (n=10 each): control and treated. The treated group was submitted to USL, a single 3-MHz ultrasound application (5.6 W/cm(2)), in gluteal-femoral WAT (3 cm(2)) for 3 minutes. Animals were subjected to glycemic control. Body composition was analyzed using bio-impedance, and lipid profile, insulinemia, C-reactive protein (CRP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. RESULTS: USL reduced (p<.05) body fat mass. The basal metabolic rate was found to have increased (p<.05). Basal insulin and the lipoprotein profile were not different, although the glycemic curve and CRP and LDH (p<.05) levels were higher. CONCLUSIONS: Fat mobilization using USL provokes acute hyperglycemia and enhances an acute inflammatory response, producing cardiometabolic risk in female rats.

Efeitos agudos do alongamento estático no desempenho da força dinâmica em homens jovens / Acute effects of static stretching in dynamic force performance in young men

INTRODUÇÃO: O alongamento muscular é frequentemente utilizado nas práticas desportivas, com o objetivo de aumentar a flexibilidade muscular e amplitude articular, assim como diminuir o risco de lesões e melhorar o desempenho atlético. OBJETIVO: Analisar o efeito agudo do alongamento com diferentes tempos no desempenho da força dinâmica de membros superiores e inferiores em homens jovens. MÉTODOS: Participaram da amostra 14 voluntários do sexo masculino com idade de 23 ± 2 anos, peso corporal de 84 ± 10kg, estatura de178 ± 7cm, IMC de 26 ± 2kg/m² e percentual de gordura de 11 ± 3 por cento. Eles foram avaliados com o teste de 10RM em três situações distintas: condição sem alongamento (SA), aquecimento especifico seguido do teste de 10-RM; condição com oito minutos de alongamento (AL-8), uma sessão de alongamento estático com oito minutos de duração, seguido do aquecimento e teste de 10RM; e a condição alongamento 16 minutos (AL-16), 16 minutos de alongamento seguidos dos procedimentos descritos anteriormente. Os testes foram feitos no supino reto e leg-press 45º; os alongamentos foram selecionados de forma a atingir as musculaturas solicitadas nos respectivos exercícios. RESULTADOS: Houve redução de 9,2 por cento da força muscular dinâmica de membros superiores em comparação dos grupos SA e AL16, e entre os grupos AL8 e AL16 (p < 0,001). Em membros inferiores essa redução de força (p < 0,001) foi de 4,8 por cento para AL-8 e de 14,3 por cento para AL-16 em comparação com o grupo SA. CONCLUSÃO: Sessões de alongamentos estáticos efetuados antes de atividades que envolvam força dinâmica possuem a capacidade de alterar negativamente o desempenho dessa qualidade física, acarretando pior rendimento em longos períodos de alongamento.

BACKGROUND: Muscular stretching is frequently used in sports practice with the aim to increase muscular flexibility and joint range of motion as well as to reduce injury risks and to improve athletic performance. AIM: To analyze the acute effect of stretching with different times in the dynamic strength performance of lower and upper extremities in young men. METHODS: The sample was composed by 14 healthy male volunteers aged 23 ± 2 years, weight of 84 ± 10 Kg , height of 178 ± 7 cm, BMI of 26 ± 2 Kg/m2 and body fat of 11 ± 3 percent. They were evaluated in a 10-maximum repetition test (10-RM) in three situations: no stretching (NS); after an 8-minute session of static stretching followed by specific warm-up (SS-8); and after 16-minute and specific warm-up before 10 RM test (SS-16). Tests were performed in bench press and 45º leg press exercises, and stretching was selected as to reach the musculature required in these exercises. RESULTS: There was significant reduction (p<0.001) of dynamic muscular strength of upper extremities in comparison to NS with SS-16 (9.2 percent) and between SS-8 (4.2 percent) and SS-16 (14.3 percent) to lower extremities. This difference was found in all tested conditions. CONCLUSION: Static stretching sessions before activities involving dynamic strength are able to negatively change performance in longer stretching periods.

Long-term treatment with supraphysiological doses of nandrolone decanoate reduces the sensitivity of Bezold-Jarisch reflex control of heart rate and blood pressure.

We investigated the influence of long-term treatment with supraphysiological doses of an anabolic-androgenic steroid on the Bezold-Jarisch reflex (BJR) control of heart rate (HR) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), and whether this treatment induced cardiac hypertrophy. Male rats were treated with nandrolone decanoate (ND) (10 mg kg(-1) body weight for 8 weeks; DECA) or vehicle (control animals; CON). After 8 weeks of treatment, the BJR was evaluated by bradycardia and hypotension responses that were elicited by serotonin administration (2-32 microg kg(-1)). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was assessed and cardiac hypertrophy was determined by the ratio of the left and right ventricle weight/body weight (LVW/BW and RVW/BW, respectively) and by histological analysis. Total body protein (TBP) content was also evaluated. Nandrolone decanoate treatment increased MAP (CON=99+/- 1 mmHg; DECA=109+/-2 mmHg; p<0.01) but did not change the mean basal HR (CON=356+/-13 bpm; DECA=367+/-11 bpm). The treatment also induced LV and RV hypertrophy (LVW/BW: CON=1.86+/-0.04 mg g(-1), DECA=2.17+/-0.04 mg g(-1), p<0.01; RVW/BW: CON=0.42+/-0.02 mg g(-1), DECA=0.53+/-0.03 mg g(-1), p<0.05) and reduced the number of myocyte nuclei/high-power field (CON=23.0+/-2; DECA=9.4+/-1.0; p<0.01). ND treatment blunted the HR and DAP decreases induced by serotonin. ND determines an increase in the TBP content in DECA group (35+/-3%; p<0.01) compared with control animals (18+/-1%). We conclude that 8 weeks of ND treatment induces anabolic effect, cardiac hypertrophy and an elevation of MAP. This treatment also reduces the sensitivity of the BJR control of bradycardia and blood pressure, possibly due to cardiac hypertrophy. The blunted BJR response could contribute to the MAP elevation in DECA animals.

Cardiovascular risk factors, their associations and presence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occurrence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and independent associated risk factors in adolescents in the city of Vitória, Brazil. METHODS: We assessed 380 adolescents aged 10 to 14 years attending public schools. Body mass index and blood pressure at rest were measured. Fasting plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose were also obtained. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 9.6% for boys and 7.4% for girls, while obesity was found in 6.2 and 4.9%, respectively. Triglyceride concentrations were borderline or high in 6.8 and 3.4% of the boys and in 11.8 and 5.9% of the girls. HDL-cholesterol was below recommended levels in 8.5% of the boys and in 9.9% of the girls. Blood pressure at rest was borderline for 5.1% of the boys and 7.9% of the girls, while 3.4% of both boys and girls were hypertensive. Fasting glycemia was high in 0.6% of the boys and in 0.5% of the girls. In the group studied, 2.8% of the boys and 2.5% of the girls had two risk factors associated with MS. Prevalence of MS was 1.1% for boys and 1.5% for girls, and overall prevalence was 1.3%. CONCLUSIONS: MS and associated cardiovascular risk factors are serious clinical conditions in this age group. A significant number of adolescents showed borderline results, which may increase the prevalence of MS or independent risk factors in the short term. More investments should be made in primary prevention, considering that early diagnosis is an issue of fundamental importance.

Fatores de risco cardiovasculares, suas associações e presença de síndrome metabólica em adolescentes / Cardiovascular risk factors, their associations and presence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ocorrência de síndrome metabólica (SM) e fatores de risco associados em adolescentes de Vitória (ES). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 380 adolescentes de 10 a 14 anos de idade estudantes de escolas públicas. Foram mensurados: índice de massa corporal, pressão arterial em repouso, dosagens séricas em jejum das concentrações de colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol, triglicerídeos e glicose. RESULTADOS: Identificou-se prevalência de sobrepeso em 9,6 por cento dos meninos e em 7,4 por cento das meninas, enquanto que obesidade foi observada em 6,2 e 4,9 por cento, respectivamente. As concentrações de triglicerídeos foram limítrofes ou altas em 6,8 e 3,4 por cento dos meninos e em 11,8 e 5,9 por cento das meninas. A concentração de HDL-colesterol estava abaixo dos níveis padronizados em 8,5 por cento dos meninos e em 9,9 por cento das meninas. A pressão arterial em repouso foi limítrofe para 5,1 por cento dos meninos e 7,9 por cento das meninas, enquanto que 3,4 por cento tanto dos meninos quanto das meninas foram considerados hipertensos. Glicemia de jejum foi alta em 0,6 por cento dos meninos e em 0,5 por cento das meninas. No grupo estudado, 2,8 por cento dos meninos e 2,5 por cento das meninas apresentaram dois fatores de risco associados a SM. A prevalência de SM foi de 1,1 por cento para meninos e 1,5 por cento para meninas e a total foi de 1,3 por cento. CONCLUSÕES: Fatores de risco cardiovasculares associados a SM são condições clínicas importantes nessa faixa etária. Um número significativo de adolescentes apresentou resultados limítrofes, os quais podem aumentar a prevalência de SM ou de fatores de risco independentes em curto prazo. Mais investimentos devem ser feitos na prevenção primária, considerando que o diagnóstico precoce é uma questão de fundamental importância.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occurrence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and independent associated risk factors in adolescents in the city of Vitória, Brazil. METHODS: We assessed 380 adolescents aged 10 to 14 years attending public schools. Body mass index and blood pressure at rest were measured. Fasting plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose were also obtained. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 9.6 percent for boys and 7.4 percent for girls, while obesity was found in 6.2 and 4.9 percent, respectively. Triglyceride concentrations were borderline or high in 6.8 and 3.4 percent of the boys and in 11.8 and 5.9 percent of the girls. HDL-cholesterol was below recommended levels in 8.5 percent of the boys and in 9.9 percent of the girls. Blood pressure at rest was borderline for 5.1 percent of the boys and 7.9 percent of the girls, while 3.4 percent of both boys and girls were hypertensive. Fasting glycemia was high in 0.6 percent of the boys and in 0.5 percent of the girls. In the group studied, 2.8 percent of the boys and 2.5 percent of the girls had two risk factors associated with MS. Prevalence of MS was 1.1 percent for boys and 1.5 percent for girls, and overall prevalence was 1.3 percent. CONCLUSIONS: MS and associated cardiovascular risk factors are serious clinical conditions in this age group. A significant number of adolescents showed borderline results, which may increase the prevalence of MS or independent risk factors in the short term. More investments should be made in primary prevention, considering that early diagnosis is an issue of fundamental importance.

Utilização da terapia ultra-sônica de baixa intensidade na redução da lipodistrofia ginecóide: uma terapia segura ou risco cardiovascular transitório? Um estudo pré-clínico / Use of low intensity ultrasonic therapy in the reduction of gynecoid lipodystrofy: a safe therapy or transitory cardiovascular risk? A pre-clinical study

FUNDAMENTOS: A difusão do ultra-som (US) como método terapêutico corroborou o perfil de segurança observado na prática médica, porém nem sempre baseado em estudos sistemáticos, sugerindo medidas de cautela e otimização da técnica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o risco potencial da utilização do ultra-som de baixa intensidade em terapias dermatológicas e estéticas e suas implicações no sistema cardiovascular. MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se (n=10) ratas Wistar, pesando +300g e divididas em dois grupos: controle-Sham e terapia ultra-sônica (TUS). Após anestesia induzida por halotano, as fêmeas foram submetidas à TUS modo de pulso, com potência de 1W/cm² e 3MHz freqüência, na região inguinal em área de 3cm², durante três minutos por 10 dias. Ao final do tratamento, após anestesia com (cloral hidratado 10 por cento / 0,4ml/100g), foram cateterizadas em artéria femoral, e mensuradas a pressão arterial média (PAM) e a freqüência cardíaca (FC); foi coletado sangue para dosagem do perfil lipídico e glicêmico. A seguir, o coração foi isolado e perfundido pelo método de Langendorff; após 40 minutos, foi determinada a pressão de perfusão coronariana (PPC) basal e realizada curva dose-resposta de adenosina. Realizada Anova, seguida do teste de Tukey para múltiplas comparações, e as diferenças foram estabelecidas em 5 por cento, e os valores expressos como média + EPM. RESULTADOS: Observou-se aumento (P<0,01) da PAM no grupo TUS (114+1 vs 103+1 mmHg) quando comparado ao grupo controle. A glicemia em jejum (97+2 vs 133+6 mg/dL) e o perfil lipídico apresentaram diferenças significativas tais como no LDL (10+1 vs 14+1mg/dL), HDL (59+1 vs 54+1mg/dL), triglicérides (33+2 vs 82+6mg/dL) nos grupos controle e TUS, respectivamente. A PPC basal reduziu (P<0,01) de 94+2 mmHg no controle para 79+1 mmHg no TUS. CONCLUSÃO: A TUS, imediatamente após o uso, alterou os parâmetros hemodinâmicos e os níveis de lipídios e glicose séricos, além de produzir atenuação da vasodilatação induzida...

BACKGROUND: The ultrasound (US) diffusion as therapeutical methods, has corroborated the profile of security observed in the medicine practice, however, not always it has been based in systematic studies, suggesting measured caution and improvement in application on this technique. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the potential risk of the use low intensity ultrasound (3MHz) in the gynecoid lipodystrofy (cellulite) treatment and in the cardiovascular system implications. METHODS: Female rats (Wistar) were divided in 02 groups: Control-Sham and Ultrasound Therapy (UST). After induced anesthesia with halotano, the rats had been submitted to UST pulse way, with power 1,0W/cm2 and 3 MHz frequency in the inguinal region (3cm2), during 03 min. per 10 days. At the treatment end, after anesthesia with Chloral 10 percent (0,4mL / 100g) a catheter made of PE-50 tubing connected to PE-10 tubing was implanted in the femoral artery, the blood pressure (BP) and hart rate (HR) was measured; the blood was collected for determination of lipids and glucose levels. To follow, hearts were isolated and perfused by Langendorff apparatus; was determined the baseline coronary perfused pressure (CPP) after 40 minutes and determined dose-response curve by adenosine. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA for independent sample, followed by the Tukey test for comparison of the means. Differences were considered significant when P<0.05 and values were reported as mean+SEM. RESULTS: We observed increase (P<0,01) in blood pressure in the UST (114+1) vs. in the control-sham (103+1)mmHg group. The serum glucose (97+2 vs. 133+6 mg/dL) and lipids profile showed significant differences in the LDL-C (10+1 vs. 14+1 mg/dL) HDL-C (59+1 vs. 54+1 mg/dL); triglyceride (33+2 vs. 82+6 mg/dL) in the control and UST groups, respectively. The baseline CPP was reduced (P<0,01) from 94+2 mmHg in the control-sham to 79+1 mmHg in the UST group. CONCLUSIONS: Immediately after use of ultrasound therapy, ...