Continuous determination of high-vapor-phase concentrations of tetrachloroethylene using on-line mass spectrometry.

A method was developed to determine the vapor concentration of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) at and below its equilibrium vapor-phase concentration, 168 000 microg/L (25 degrees C). Vapor samples were drawn by vacuum into a six-port sampling valve and injected through a jet separator into an ion trap mass spectrometer (MS). This on-line MS can continuously sample a vapor stream and provide vapor concentrations every 30 s. Calibration of the instrument was done by creating a saturated stream of PCE vapor, sampling the vapor with the on-line MS and with thermal desorption tubes, and correlating the peak area response from the MS with the vapor concentration determined by automated thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Dilution of the saturated stream provided lower concentrations of PCE vapor. The method was developed to monitor the vapor concentration of PCE that was sparged from a two-dimensional flow chamber and for determination of the total PCE mass removed during each sparge event. The method has potential application for analysis of gas-phase tracers.

Field evaluation of the solvent extraction residual biotreatment technology.

The Solvent Extraction Residual Biotreatment (SERB) technology was evaluated at a former dry cleaner site in Jacksonville, FL, where an area of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) contamination was identified. The SERB technology is a treatmenttrain approach for complete site restoration, which combines an active in situ dense nonaqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) removal technology, cosolvent extraction, with a passive enhanced in situ bioremediation technology, reductive dechlorination. During the in situ cosolvent extraction test, approximately 34 kL of 95% ethanol/5% water (v:v) was flushed through the contaminated zone, which removed approximately 60% of the estimated PCE mass. Approximately 2.72 kL of ethanol was left in the subsurface, which provided electron donorfor enhancement of biological processes in the source zone and downgradient areas. Quarterly groundwater monitoring for over 3 yr showed decreasing concentrations of PCE in the source zone from initial values of 4-350 microM to less than 150 microM during the last sampling event. Initially there was little to no daughter product formation in the source zone, but after 3 yr, measured concentrations were 242 microM for cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE), 13 microM for vinyl chloride, and 0.43 microM for ethene. In conjunction with the production of dissolved methane and hydrogen and the removal of sulfate, these measurements indicate that in situ biotransformations were enhanced in areas exposed to the residual ethanol. First-order rate constants calculated from concentration data for individual wells ranged from -0.63 to -2.14 yr(-1) for PCE removal and from 0.88 to 2.39 yr(-1) for cis-DCE formation. First-order rate constants based on the change in total mass estimated from contour plots of the groundwater concentration data were 0.75 yr(-1) for cis-DCE, -0.50 yr(-1) for PCE, and -0.33 yr(-1) for ethanol. Although these attenuation rate constants include additional processes, such as sorption, dispersion, and advection, they provide an indication of the overall system dynamics. Evaluation of the groundwater data from the former dry cleaner site showed that cosolvent flushing systems can be designed and utilized to aid in the enhancement of biodegradation processes at DNAPL sites.