ABSTRACT
We propose a complex 4-point method for characterization of flow batteries. The distribution of ohmic and faradaic losses within a single-cell is evaluated from electrochemical impedance spectra and load curves of positive and negative half-cells measured with platinum wire pseudo-reference electrodes positioned in respective electrode compartment. The developed method can be used e.g., for the component screening and in-situ durability studies on single-cell scale. The method was validated on a vanadium redox flow battery single-cell; however, it can be analogically employed for various chemistries of flow battery. â¢Complex 4-point method for characterization of flow battery single-cell was developed.â¢Method is based on electrochemical impedance spectra and load curve measurements.â¢Direct evaluation of ohmic and faradaic losses distribution within battery single-cell by the method.
ABSTRACT
The authors describe their experience with the treatment of 180 patients with tumours of the oesophagus and cardia, during a 13-year period, at the Surgical Clinic, Medical Faculty, Comenius University, Bratislava. Most frequently the tumorous process was in the median portion of the oesophagus. A radical operation could be performed only in 27.2% of patients. The reason was that frequently the tumours were already very advanced when the patients were admitted to the surgical department; that means: late diagnosis. This explains also the short postoperative survival. The authors analyze the reasons for the above described facts and submit their concept of the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the problem of carcinoma of the oesophagus and cardia.
