Expanding the Palette of SWIR Emitting Nanoparticles Based on Au Nanoclusters for Single-Particle Tracking Microscopy.

Single-molecule localization microscopy has proved promising to unravel the dynamics and molecular architecture of thin biological samples down to nanoscales. For applications in complex, thick biological tissues shifting single-particle emission wavelengths to the shortwave infrared (SWIR also called NIR II) region between 900 to 2100 nm, where biological tissues are more transparent is key. To date, mainly single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) enable such applications, but they are inherently 1D objects. Here, 0D ultra-small luminescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs, <3 nm) and ≈25 nm AuNC-loaded-polymeric particles that can be detected at the single-particle level in the SWIR are presented. Thanks to high brightness and excellent photostability, it is shown that the dynamics of the spherical polymeric particles can be followed at the single-particle level in solution at video rates for minutes. We compared single particle tracking of AuNC-loaded-polymeric particles with that of SWCNT diffusing in agarose gels demonstrating the specificity and complementarity of diffusion properties of these SWIR-emitting nano-objects when exploring a complex environment. This extends the library of photostable SWIR emitting nanomaterials to 0D nano-objects of variable size for single-molecule localization microscopy in the second biological window, opening unprecedented possibilities for mapping the structure and dynamics of complex biological systems.

Evaluation of Anticancer and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Some Synthetic Rearranged Abietanes.

Synthesis of the rearranged abietane diterpenes pygmaeocins C and D, viridoquinone, saprorthoquinone, and 1-deoxyviroxocine has been successfully achieved. The anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of selected orthoquinonic compounds 5, 7, 13, and 19, as well as pygmaeocin C (17), were evaluated for the first time. The antitumor properties were assessed using three cancer cell lines: HT29 colon cancer cells, Hep G2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells, and B16-F10 murine melanoma cells. Compounds 5 and 13 showed the highest cytotoxicity in HT29 cells (IC50 = 6.69 ± 1.2 µg/mL and IC50 = 2.7 ± 0.8 µg/mL, respectively). Cytometric studies showed that this growth inhibition involved phase S cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction, possibly through the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Morphological apoptotic changes, including nuclear fragmentation and chromatin condensation, were also observed. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity of these compounds was evaluated on the basis of their ability to inhibit nitric oxide production on the lipopolysaccharide activated RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Although all compounds showed high anti-inflammatory activity, with percentages between 40 and 100%, the highest anti-inflammatory potential was obtained by pygmaeocin B (5) (IC50NO = 33.0 ± 0.8 ng/mL). Our results suggest that due to their dual roles, this type of compound could represent a new strategy, contributing to the development of novel anticancer agents.

Improvement in the Management of Oral Anticoagulation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation in Primary Health Care.

(1) Background: Evaluation and improvement of the management of patients with atrial fibrillation in treatment with oral anticoagulants from primary health care. (2) Methods: prospective quasi-experimental study, conducted on 385 patients assisted with Atrial Fibrillation (AF) at the Las Fuentes Norte Health Center, before and after the implementation of actions to improve oral anticoagulants management from October 2015 to July 2017. (3) Results: The ACO-ZAR I study revealed that the population with AF presents a global prevalence of 1.7%, an indication of oral anticoagulants of 92.1%, undertreatment of 24%, suboptimal control of vitamin K antagonists of 43%, use of antiaggregant as primary prevention of 13.42%, and primary health care monitoring of 34%. The implementation of activities aimed at improving the management of oral anticoagulants in the ACO-ZAR II study achieves a reduction in undertreatment up to 16%, in the use of antiaggregant up to 9%, and in suboptimal control up to 30%, as well as an increase in control from primary health care up to 69.2% and of the penetrance of direct oral anticoagulants up to 28%. (4) Conclusions: In conclusion, the application of activities aimed at optimizing the management of oral anticoagulants in health center patients allowed the improvement of risk assessment and registration, undertreatment, use of antiaggregant, suboptimal control of vitamin K antagonists, control by primary health care center, and the penetrance of direct oral anticoagulants.

Recomendaciones preanalíticas para la obtención y análisis de ADN circulante a partir de sangre periférica. Recomendación (2018) / Preanalytical recomendations for circulating DNA extraction and analysis from peripheral blood. Recommendation (2018)

El análisis de ADN circulante a partir de sangre periférica ha demostrado ser de utilidad en campos clínicos tan diferentes como la oncología, los trasplantes y el cribado prenatal. Para su incorporación al laboratorio clínico es necesario asegurar protocolos preanalíticos adecuados, reproducibles y estandarizados. En este documento se pretenden dar unas recomendaciones preanalíticas para la obtención de ADN circulante a partir de sangre periférica. Incluyen el tipo de espécimen, el tipo de tubo de extracción, el modo de centrifugación de la muestra, la extracción del ADN circulante y cuantificación, así como su conservación

Cell-free DNA analysis in peripheral blood has been shown to be useful in oncology, organ transplantation, and prenatal screening. For its introduction into the clinical laboratory, it is necessary to ensure appropriate, reproducible and standardised pre-analytical protocols are in place. The aim of this document is to provide pre-analytical recommendations for obtaining of cell free DNA from peripheral blood. These recommendations include the type of sample and extraction tube, the method of centrifugation, the method for cell free DNA extraction, and measurement and storage conditions

Posibilidades de intervención sobre el tabaquismo de las gestantes desde Atención Primaria / Possibilities of intervention on smoking habit of pregnant women from Primary Care

OBJETIVO: Reducir la prevalencia del tabaquismo en las gestantes atendidas en su centro de salud. Pacientes y método: La muestra englobó a 81 gestantes sobre las que se realizaron actividades de intervención comunitaria y asistencial. La información se obtuvo de las historias clínicas suplementadas por encuesta estructurada. RESULTADOS: Se registra un 18,1% de tabaquismo activo y un 83% de tabaquismo pasivo. En el embarazo dejan de fumar el 46,2%, reducen un 30,8% y siguen fumando un 23%. En lo concerniente a la intervención clínica, la detección del tabaquismo solo fue previa al embarazo en el 23%. La intervención más frecuente fue el consejo breve 58,4% y realizado por DUE 62,5%. Respecto a las actividades propuestas de intervención comunitaria, un 15% de las embarazadas seguidas en el centro decidió acudir a los talleres y una acudió a consulta antitabaco específica para intervención intensiva. CONCLUSIONES: La gestación brinda una oportunidad de oro en la intervención sobre el tabaquismo desde Atención Primaria. Sin embargo, existe un empleo deficiente de las herramientas clínicas disponibles en nuestro sistema y una escasa respuesta a las actividades propuestas. Esto nos conduce a plantear la necesidad de una intervención proactiva sobre el tabaquismo de la gestante

OBJECTIVE: Reduce the prevalence of smoking in pregnant women seen in their health care site. Patients and method. The simple includes 81 pregnant women on whom Community and care activities were conducted. The information was obtained from the clinical histories supplemented by structured survey. RESULTS: A total of 18.1% of active smoking and 83% of passive smoking were registered. In pregnancy, 46.2% stopped smoking, 30.8% reduced smoking and 23% continued to smoke. In regards to the clinical intervention, detection of smoking was only prior to pregnancy in 23%. The most frequent intervention was brief advice in 58.4% and by Nurses in 62.5%. Regarding the Community intervention activities proposed, 15% of the pregnant women followed in the site went to workshops and to a specific anti-smoking visit for intensive intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy offers a Golden opportunity in the intervention on the smoking habit from Primary Care. However, there is deficient use of the available clinical tools in our system and limited response to the activities proposed. This leads us to consider the need for a proactive intervention on smoking habit in pregnancy

Recomendaciones para la optimización del uso de marcadores tumorales de utilización frecuente. Recomendación (2018) / Recommendations for the optimization of the use of frequently used tumor markers. Recommendation 2018

Este documento describe las causas de error más frecuentes en la medición de marcadores tumorales séricos proteicos en sus diferentes fases: preanalítica, analítica y postanalítica y recomendaciones para detectar y solventar problemas, así como la interpretación de los resultados de los marcadores tumorales en la práctica clínica

This document describes the most frequent causes of error in the measurement of 13 serum protein tumour markers in their different phases: preanalytical, analytical and 14 postanalytic and recommendations to detect and solve problems, as well as the 15 interpretation of the results of the Tumor Markers in clinical practice

How many patients with rheumatic diseases and TNF inhibitors treatment have latent tuberculosis? / ¿Cuántos pacientes con enfermedades reumáticas en tratamiento con anti-TNF alfa tienen tuberculosis latente?

Objectives. Spanish clinical guidelines recommend screening patients for tuberculosis (TB) before TNF inhibitors (TNFi) treatment. Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of TST seroconversion as an estimation of the prevalence of latent TB in patients with rheumatic diseases and TNFi treatment that have already been screened for tuberculosis. Methods. TST, booster and chest x-ray were performed to patients with rheumatic diseases, TNFi treatment, negative tuberculin skin tests before treatment and that were attending the rheumatology Department of three different hospitals in Barcelona. According to the Spanish Society Rheumatology guidelines, these patients had not received TB prophylaxis treatment. Results. One hundred and forty patients were included in the study. The tuberculin skin test was positive in 4.28% (n=6) of the patients. 50% of the patients were undergoing TNFi ≤ 2 years, being two of the patients only one year on the TNFi when a positive TST was detected. This shows that a conversion of the TST can occur even few months or years after the TNFi is started. Conclusions. The present study observed that 4.28% of patients with rheumatic diseases on TNFi who did not have performed a pre-treatment TB prophylaxis, had a conversion of the TST. Moreover, the conversion of the TST had been within the first two years of treatment in half of the patients of our cohort. In spite of these results, false TST positives in the diagnosis of latent TB cannot be excluded as an explanation for our results (AU)

Objetivos. Las guías de la Sociedad Española de Reumatología recomiendan el cribaje de tuberculosis (TB) antes del tratamiento con inhibidores del TNF (TNFi). El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de seroconversión de la PT como estimación de la prevalencia de TB latente en pacientes con enfermedades reumáticas y tratamiento con TNFi a los que ya se había realizado el cribaje de TB previo al tratamiento. Métodos. Se realizó un cribado de TB a los pacientes con enfermedades reumáticas en tratamiento con TNFi, con un screening pre-tratamiento negativo, que acudían al servicio de reumatología de tres hospitales de Barcelona. De acuerdo a las guías, estos pacientes no habían recibido tratamiento profiláctico para la TB. Resultados. Se incluyeron a 140 pacientes. La PT fue positiva en 4,28% (n=6) de los pacientes. El 50% de los pacientes estaban en tratamiento con TNFi por ≤ 2 años y había dos pacientes que solo llevaban un año con TNFi. Esto muestra que la seroconversión de la PT puede ocurrir incluso poco tiempo después de iniciado el tratamiento con TNFi. Conclusiones. Se observó que un 4,28% de los pacientes con enfermedades reumáticas en tratamiento con TNFi y que no habían realizado una profilaxis para TB previa al tratamiento tenían una seroconversión de la PT. Esta seroconversión había tenido lugar durante los dos años siguientes al inicio del tratamiento, en la mitad de los pacientes de la cohorte estudiada. A pesar de estos resultados, no se pueden excluir falsos positivos a la PT (AU)

How many patients with rheumatic diseases and TNF inhibitors treatment have latent tuberculosis?

OBJECTIVES: Spanish clinical guidelines recommend screening patients for tuberculosis (TB) before TNF inhibitors (TNFi) treatment. Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of TST seroconversion as an estimation of the prevalence of latent TB in patients with rheumatic diseases and TNFi treatment that have already been screened for tuberculosis. METHODS: TST, booster and chest x-ray were performed to patients with rheumatic diseases, TNFi treatment, negative tuberculin skin tests before treatment and that were attending the rheumatology Department of three different hospitals in Barcelona. According to the Spanish Society Rheumatology guidelines, these patients had not received TB prophylaxis treatment. RESULTS: One hundred and forty patients were included in the study. The tuberculin skin test was positive in 4.28% (n=6) of the patients. 50% of the patients were undergoing TNFi ≤ 2 years, being two of the patients only one year on the TNFi when a positive TST was detected. This shows that a conversion of the TST can occur even few months or years after the TNFi is started. CONCLUSIONS: The present study observed that 4.28% of patients with rheumatic diseases on TNFi who did not have performed a pre-treatment TB prophylaxis, had a conversion of the TST. Moreover, the conversion of the TST had been within the first two years of treatment in half of the patients of our cohort. In spite of these results, false TST positives in the diagnosis of latent TB cannot be excluded as an explanation for our results.

Correlación de valores de TTPa con anti factor Xa para establecer rango terapéutico en tratamiento anticoagulante con heparina sódica / Correlation between aPTT and antifactor Xa to determine therapeutic ranges for unfractionated heparin

Background: The therapeutic range (TR) of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) for unfractionated heparin (UFH) dosing was established in the 1970 decade. Since then aPTT determination has changed. Current TR may be sub or supra-therapeutic depending on the reagents of the test, and therefore, responsible for complications of therapy. Aim: To establish the TR for UFH dosing in our institution using antifactor Xa analysis as reference standard. Material and Methods: After obtaining an informed consent, 43 blood samples were obtained for aPTT determination and antifactor Xa assay in 23 patients treated with intravenous UFH. Samples were processed at Emergency and Hemostasis Labs. We excluded patients receiving other anticoagulants, with thrombophilia, pregnancy or liver disease. Results: Mean aPTT values in the Hemostasis and Emergency labs ​​were 57.1 ± 18.9 and 56.6 ± 18.3 seconds, respectively (p = 0.77). The squared correlation coefficients between aPTT and antifactor Xa at hemostasis and emergency labs were R2 0.5 and 0.45 respectively, p < 0.001. Using a linear regression analysis, therapeutic aPTT range values ​​in our laboratory were established between 50 and 80 seconds, corresponding to antifactor Xa values of 0.3 to 0.7 IU/mL. Conclusions: According to current recommendations, validation of aPTT determination with reference techniques should be done in every institution.

Utilización de procalcitonina y proteína C reactiva como marcadores de infección en la neutropenia febril de pacientes sometidos a trasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos / Use of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as infection markers in febrile neutropenic patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplant

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: La neutropenia es un signo frecuente en los pacientes que van a ser sometidos a trasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos (TPH). Una complicación importante es la infección favorecida por la inmunodepresión y el grado de neutropenia. El objetivo del estudio es evaluar la utilidad diagnóstica de la procalcitonina (PCT) y de la proteína C reactiva (PCR) en pacientes onco-hematológicos sometidos a quimioterapia y TPH para discriminar la etiología de la fiebre. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Se midieron los valores de PCT y PCR en 30 episodios de neutropenia febril antes del inicio de la quimioterapia, el día de la neutropenia, el día del inicio de la fiebre y los días 1, 2, 3 y 6 postinicio de la fiebre y al fin del episodio. Los episodios fueron clasificados como 5 bacteriemias, 3 infecciones documentadas microbiológicamente, 10 infecciones clínicas y 12 fiebres de origen desconocido. RESULTADOS: Los valores medios de PCT más elevados correspondieron al grupo de pacientes con bacteriemia. Hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p = 0,04) el segundo día tras el inicio de la fiebre. El punto de corte de 0,5 ng/ml mostró una sensibilidad del 66% y una especificidad del 75%. La PCR mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas los días 1, 2 y 3 postinicio de la fiebre (p = 0,01; p = 0,003 y p = 0,002). El punto de corte de 7,5 mg/dl mostró una sensibilidad del 88% y una especificidad del 58%. CONCLUSIONES: La combinación de PCT y PCR es un método insuficiente para la detección de infección bacteriana y no puede sustituir el correcto diagnóstico clínico y microbiológico

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Neutropenia is a frequent sign in patients who are going to have a haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT).Infection is an important complication in these patients, which is favoured by immunosuppression and the degree of neutropenia. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in onco-haematological patients undergoing chemotherapy and HSCT to determine the origin of the fever. PATIENTS AND METHODS:PCT and CRP values were measured in 30 episodes of febrile neutropenia: before starting chemotherapy, appearance of neutropenia, onset of fever, days 1, 2, 3 and 6 after the onset of fever, and when the febrile episode ended. The episodes were classified as 5 bacteraemia, 3 microbiologically documented infections, 10 clinical infections, and 12 fevers of unknown origin. RESULTS: The highest PCT mean values corresponded to the group of patients with bacteraemia. Statistically significant differences (P=.04) were found on the second day after the onset of fever. The cut-off point of 0.5ng/ml showed a sensitivity of 66% and a specificity of 75%. PCR results showed statistically significant differences on days 1, 2 and 3 after the onset of fever (P=.01, P=.003, and P=.002, respectively). The cut-off point of 7.5mg/L had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 58%.CONCLUSIONS:The combination of PCT and CRP is an insufficient method to detect bacterial infections and may not replace the proper clinical and microbiological diagnosis (AU)

HE4, Ca125 and ROMA algorithm for differential diagnosis between benign gynaecological diseases and ovarian cancer.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), cancer antigen 125 (Ca125) and the risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm (ROMA) in discriminating ovarian cancer from other benign gynaecological diseases. Serum levels of HE4 and Ca125 were measured in 119 women with benign gynaecological diseases, 29 patients with primary ovarian cancer, 32 patients with ovarian cancer on chemotherapy treatment (18 of them with progressive disease), 6 patients treated and free of disease and 32 healthy women. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR ±) were calculated. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed, and the areas under the curve (AUC) were calculated. High serum levels for HE4, Ca125 and ROMA were observed in cancer patients. HE4 was elevated in 12.6 %, Ca125 in 21 % and ROMA in 9.2 % in the benign group, but HE4 was not elevated in endometriosis. The AUC values for HE4, Ca125 and ROMA were 0.92, 0.911 and 0.945 respectively. The sensitivity for discriminating ovarian cancer from benign gynaecological diseases was 86.2 % for HE4 and Ca125 and 93.1 % for ROMA. The specificity was 87.4, 78.9 and 90.7 % for HE4, Ca125 and ROMA. The overall positive likelihood ratio (LR+) was 6.84 for HE4, 4.1 for Ca125 and 10.01 for ROMA. In premenopausal women, LR + was 11.86 for HE4, 5.11 for ROMA and 2.02 for Ca125. HE4 might be significant in the differential diagnosis of ovarian cancer. HE4 seems to be superior to Ca125 in terms of diagnostic performance of all premenopausal women. ROMA could help to discriminate in cases with any doubt with a high diagnostic accuracy.

[Correlation between aPTT and antifactor Xa to determine therapeutic ranges for unfractionated heparin]. / Correlación de valores de TTPa con anti factor Xa para establecer rango terapéutico en tratamiento anticoagulante con heparina sódica.

BACKGROUND: The therapeutic range (TR) of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) for unfractionated heparin (UFH) dosing was established in the 1970 decade. Since then aPTT determination has changed. Current TR may be sub or supra-therapeutic depending on the reagents of the test, and therefore, responsible for complications of therapy. AIM: To establish the TR for UFH dosing in our institution using antifactor Xa analysis as reference standard. MATERIAL AND METHODS: After obtaining an informed consent, 43 blood samples were obtained for aPTT determination and antifactor Xa assay in 23 patients treated with intravenous UFH. Samples were processed at Emergency and Hemostasis Labs. We excluded patients receiving other anticoagulants, with thrombophilia, pregnancy or liver disease. RESULTS: Mean aPTT values in the Hemostasis and Emergency labs ​​were 57.1 ± 18.9 and 56.6 ± 18.3 seconds, respectively (p = 0.77). The squared correlation coefficients between aPTT and antifactor Xa at hemostasis and emergency labs were R2 0.5 and 0.45 respectively, p < 0.001. Using a linear regression analysis, therapeutic aPTT range values ​​in our laboratory were established between 50 and 80 seconds, corresponding to antifactor Xa values of 0.3 to 0.7 IU/mL. CONCLUSIONS: According to current recommendations, validation of aPTT determination with reference techniques should be done in every institution.

[Use of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as infection markers in febrile neutropenic patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplant]. / Utilización de procalcitonina y proteína C reactiva como marcadores de infección en la neutropenia febril de pacientes sometidos a trasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Neutropenia is a frequent sign in patients who are going to have a haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Infection is an important complication in these patients, which is favoured by immunosuppression and the degree of neutropenia. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in onco-haematological patients undergoing chemotherapy and HSCT to determine the origin of the fever. PATIENTS AND METHODS: PCT and CRP values were measured in 30 episodes of febrile neutropenia: before starting chemotherapy, appearance of neutropenia, onset of fever, days 1, 2, 3 and 6 after the onset of fever, and when the febrile episode ended. The episodes were classified as 5 bacteraemia, 3 microbiologically documented infections, 10 clinical infections, and 12 fevers of unknown origin. RESULTS: The highest PCT mean values corresponded to the group of patients with bacteraemia. Statistically significant differences (P=.04) were found on the second day after the onset of fever. The cut-off point of 0.5ng/ml showed a sensitivity of 66% and a specificity of 75%. PCR results showed statistically significant differences on days 1, 2 and 3 after the onset of fever (P=.01, P=.003, and P=.002, respectively). The cut-off point of 7.5mg/L had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 58%. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of PCT and CRP is an insufficient method to detect bacterial infections and may not replace the proper clinical and microbiological diagnosis.

Rescue by pneumoenema under general anaesthesia of apparently non-reducible intestinal intussusception.

UNLABELLED: When an enema in the radiology unit is unsuccessful in treating intussusception, patients must undergo surgery. A further attempt at reduction under general anaesthesia in the operating room prior to laparotomy could avoid surgical intervention. A prospective study was carried out from 2002 to 2010 on paediatric patients with intestinal intussusception who underwent a deinvagination procedure in radiology with no anaesthesia. Unresolved cases were included in either group 3a (direct surgery) or group 3b (pneumoenema under general anaesthesia in the operating room), depending if the paediatric surgeon on duty wanted or not to participate in the study. Ninety-eight patients were included in the study. Six patients (group 1) were immediately operated after diagnosis because peritonitis was clinically suspected. Sixty-seven patients were successfully treated with an anaesthesia-free procedure in the radiology department (group 2). Of the 25 cases with initial treatment failure (group 3), 11 were assigned to group 3a (immediate laparotomy) and 14 to group 3b (pneumoenema with general anaesthesia). All patients in the 3b group were successfully treated by this procedure. There were no differences between the groups in terms of age, sex or evolution time. The average length of hospital stay and the number of repeated hospitalizations were significantly higher for group 3a. CONCLUSION: We consider that general anaesthesia increases effective reduction pressures and could avoid many surgeries in apparently non-reducible intestinal intussusceptions.

Expresionismo y revolución: el abismo de la realidad / Expressionism and revolution: the abism of the reality / Expressionismo e revolução: o abismo da realidade

En este estudio se plantea el paso de la conciencia expresionista a la conciencia crítica; es decir, la evolución del Expresionismo artístico hacia la creación de la Teoría Crítica sociológica en la Alemania de la República de Weimar. De este modo, se repasan los procesos sociales y culturales que dieron lugar a un tipo de Arte en el que se reflejaban las profundas y dramáticas contradicciones de las primeras décadas del siglo XX, subrayándose por tanto como la Escuela de Frankfurt en su primera Generación (Adorno, Horkheimer, Benjamín) significó el punto de inflexión fundamental para analizar y entender filosófica y sociológicamente estas complejas y profundas contradicciones colectivas, así como sus consecuencias históricas posteriores.

This study emerges from the expressionist consciousness about the critical consciousness; in other words, the evolution of the artistic expresionism toward the creation of the critical Theory in the Germany of the Republic of Weimar. In this way, the social and cultural processes that gave place to a type of Art in which there were reflected the deep and dramatic contradictions of the first decades of the XXth century are revised, being underlined, therefore, that the School of Frankfurt in his First Generation (Adorno, Horkheimer, Benjamin) is the point of fundamental inflection to analyse and to understand philosophical and sociologically these complex and deep collective contradictions, as well as its subsequent and later historical consequences.

Neste estudo expõe o a passagem da consciência expressionista para consciência crítica; isto é, a evolução do Expressionismo artístico até a criação da Teoria Crítica sociológica na Alemanha na República de Weimar. O texto faz uma revisão dos processos sociais e culturais que deram lugar a um tipo de Arte na qual se reflete as profundas e dramáticas contradições das primeiras décadas do século XX, destacando-se como a Escola de Frankfurt, em sua primeira Geração (Adorno, Horkheimer, Bejamin), significou o ponto de inflexão fundamental para analisar e endender filosófica e sociologicamente estas complexas e profundas contradições coletivas, assim como suas consequências históricas posteriores.

Expresionismo y revolución: el abismo de la realidad / Expressionism and revolution: the abism of the reality / Expressionismo e revolução: o abismo da realidade

En este estudio se plantea el paso de la conciencia expresionista a la conciencia crítica; es decir, la evolución del Expresionismo artístico hacia la creación de la Teoría Crítica sociológica en la Alemania de la República de Weimar. De este modo, se repasan los procesos sociales y culturales que dieron lugar a un tipo de Arte en el que se reflejaban las profundas y dramáticas contradicciones de las primeras décadas del siglo XX, subrayándose por tanto como la Escuela de Frankfurt en su primera Generación (Adorno, Horkheimer, Benjamín) significó el punto de inflexión fundamental para analizar y entender filosófica y sociológicamente estas complejas y profundas contradicciones colectivas, así como sus consecuencias históricas posteriores.(AU)

This study emerges from the expressionist consciousness about the critical consciousness; in other words, the evolution of the artistic expresionism toward the creation of the critical Theory in the Germany of the Republic of Weimar. In this way, the social and cultural processes that gave place to a type of Art in which there were reflected the deep and dramatic contradictions of the first decades of the XXth century are revised, being underlined, therefore, that the School of Frankfurt in his First Generation (Adorno, Horkheimer, Benjamin) is the point of fundamental inflection to analyse and to understand philosophical and sociologically these complex and deep collective contradictions, as well as its subsequent and later historical consequences.(AU)

Neste estudo expõe o a passagem da consciência expressionista para consciência crítica; isto é, a evolução do Expressionismo artístico até a criação da Teoria Crítica sociológica na Alemanha na República de Weimar. O texto faz uma revisão dos processos sociais e culturais que deram lugar a um tipo de Arte na qual se reflete as profundas e dramáticas contradições das primeiras décadas do século XX, destacando-se como a Escola de Frankfurt, em sua primeira Geração (Adorno, Horkheimer, Bejamin), significou o ponto de inflexão fundamental para analisar e endender filosófica e sociologicamente estas complexas e profundas contradições coletivas, assim como suas consequências históricas posteriores.(AU)

Valor diagnóstico de la procalcitonina, la interleucina 8, la interleucina 6 y la proteína C reactiva en la detección de bacteriemia y fungemia en pacientes con cáncer / Diagnostic value of procalcitonin, interleukin 8, interleukin 6, and c-reactive protein for detecting bacteremia and fungemia in cancer patients

Introducción y objetivo La bacteriemia es una de las causas más importantes de morbimortalidad en los pacientes con cáncer. El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar la utilidad diagnóstica de la procalcitonina (PCT), la interleucina 8 (IL-8), la interleucina 6 (IL-6) y la proteína C reactiva (PCR) en la detección de bacteriemia en pacientes con cáncer. Pacientes y métodos Se midieron los valores de PCT, IL-8, IL-6 y PCR en 2 grupos de pacientes con cáncer que presentaron fiebre: el grupo con bacteriemia verdadera y el grupo sin bacteriemia. Resultados Se estudiaron 79 síndromes febriles en 79 pacientes, 43 hombres y 36 mujeres. Cuarenta y cuatro pacientes pertenecían al grupo de bacteriemia verdadera. Se encontraron diferencias significativas al comparar los valores de PCT, IL-8 e IL-6 (p<0,001, p<0,001, p=0,002, respectivamente) entre los pacientes con bacteriemia verdadera y sin bacteriemia. Los resultados de la PCR no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los 2 grupos estudiados (p=0,23). El punto de corte para la PCT fue de 0,5ng/ml y mostró la mejor especificidad (91,4%), con una sensibilidad del 59,1%.ConclusionesEl marcador de infección que puede aportar más información en el diagnóstico de bacteriemia en pacientes con cáncer es la PCT (AU)

Background and Objective Bacteremia is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the detection of bacteremia in cancer patients. Patients and methods PCT, IL-8, IL-6, and CPR levels were measured in 2 groups of cancer patients who had fever: one group with true bacteremia and another without bacteremia. Results Seventy-nine febrile episodes were analyzed in 79 patients, 43 men and 36 women. Forty-four patients were in the true bacteremia group. Significant differences in PCT (P<0.001), IL-8 (P<0.001), and IL-6 (P=0.002) values were found between patients with and without true bacteremia. CPR results were not significantly different between the groups (P=0.23). The cut-off point for PCT was 0.5ng/mL and this parameter yielded the best specificity at 91.4%, with a sensitivity of 59.1%.ConclusionsAmong the infection markers studied, PCT provided the most information for diagnosing bacteremia in cancer patients (AU)