Detraining's Effects on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Maximal and Explosive Strength in Army Soldiers: Does Age Matter?

PURPOSE: This study investigated the impact of four weeks of age-dependent detraining on army soldiers' cardiorespiratory fitness and maximal and explosive strength. METHODS: Fourteen volunteer tactical athletes participated, divided into two age groups (20 to 29 and 30 to 40 years). Before and after the detraining period, we assessed their anthropometric measurements (weight, height, body mass index, fat mass, and fat-free mass), cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] and ventilatory thresholds [VT1 and VT2]), and kinematic properties during a single-leg counter-moving jump (CMJ) test for both the dominant and non-dominant legs. Two-way ANOVA followed by the Holm-Sidak post hoc test was used. RESULTS: The anthropometric and cardiovascular variables did not show significant differences between the groups. However, both groups exhibited a significantly reduced maximum time and speed at the VO2max. Furthermore, the flight time and maximum height during the CMJ significantly decreased in the non-dominant leg for both age groups. Notably, the dominant leg's concentric impulse (CI) significantly reduced during the CMJ, but this effect was observed only in the 30-40 age group. There were significant differences between the two age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that four weeks of detraining negatively impacts aerobic fitness and muscular strength, independently of age. However, the dominant leg may be more susceptible to detraining effects in army soldiers aged 30-40. Furthermore, as a perspective, our results strongly suggest that a detraining period could affect successful missions (aerobic performance deterioration), as well as promote a muscle imbalance between the legs, which could encourage muscle injuries and endanger combat missions.

Prophylactic treatment with the c-Abl inhibitor, neurotinib, diminishes neuronal damage and the convulsive state in pilocarpine-induced mice.

The molecular mechanisms underlying seizure generation remain elusive, yet they are crucial for developing effective treatments for epilepsy. The current study shows that inhibiting c-Abl tyrosine kinase prevents apoptosis, reduces dendritic spine loss, and maintains N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) phosphorylated in in vitro models of excitotoxicity. Pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) in mice promotes c-Abl phosphorylation, and disrupting c-Abl activity leads to fewer seizures, increases latency toward SE, and improved animal survival. Currently, clinically used c-Abl inhibitors are non-selective and have poor brain penetration. The allosteric c-Abl inhibitor, neurotinib, used here has favorable potency, selectivity, pharmacokinetics, and vastly improved brain penetration. Neurotinib-administered mice have fewer seizures and improved survival following pilocarpine-SE induction. Our findings reveal c-Abl kinase activation as a key factor in ictogenesis and highlight the impact of its inhibition in preventing the insurgence of epileptic-like seizures in rodents and humans.

Effects of peppermint oil inhalation on vertical jump performance in elite young professional soccer players: A double-blinded randomized crossover study.

Aims: To evaluate peppermint essential oil (PEO) inhalation's effect on young soccer athletes' motor performance. Methods: A randomized crossover design was used to test the effect of the PEO. Eleven U-17 soccer players were evaluated into two conditions (PEO and Placebo - PLA). The players were tested in squat jump and countermovement jump and inhaled PEO or PLA and 10 min later performed the physical tests again. A mixed ANOVA was performed to test the hypotheses. Results: Main effects were found for the time in jumping height in the CMJ (p = 0.037). No main and interaction effects were found in the SJ variables. Conclusion: From the results, decrease CMJ performance acutely, both conditions presented decrease in JH, but based in effect size, PLA decrease is higher (more sample size for corroborate this) possibly due to improvements in the eccentric yielding sub-phase, where mentioned phase could be reflecting neural changes (required experimental verification). The PEO could be the interest in trainers for use before of match or in the half-time for minimize the decreased of physical performance by the rest.

Long-term potentiation and spatial memory training stimulate the hippocampal expression of RyR2 calcium release channels.

Introduction: Neuronal Ca2+ signals generated through the activation of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release in response to activity-generated Ca2+ influx play a significant role in hippocampal synaptic plasticity, spatial learning, and memory. We and others have previously reported that diverse stimulation protocols, or different memory-inducing procedures, enhance the expression of endoplasmic reticulum-resident Ca2+ release channels in rat primary hippocampal neuronal cells or hippocampal tissue. Methods and Results: Here, we report that induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) by Theta burst stimulation protocols of the CA3-CA1 hippocampal synapse increased the mRNA and protein levels of type-2 Ryanodine Receptor (RyR2) Ca2+ release channels in rat hippocampal slices. Suppression of RyR channel activity (1 h preincubation with 20 µM ryanodine) abolished both LTP induction and the enhanced expression of these channels; it also promoted an increase in the surface expression of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunits GluR1 and GluR2 and caused a moderate but significant reduction of dendritic spine density. In addition, training rats in the Morris water maze induced memory consolidation, which lasted for several days after the end of the training period, accompanied by an increase in the mRNA levels and the protein content of the RyR2 channel isoform. Discussion: We confirm in this work that LTP induction by TBS protocols requires functional RyR channels. We propose that the increments in the protein content of RyR2 Ca2+ release channels, induced by LTP or spatial memory training, play a significant role in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and spatial memory consolidation.

Obesogenic Diet-Induced Neuroinflammation: A Pathological Link between Hedonic and Homeostatic Control of Food Intake.

Obesity-induced neuroinflammation is a chronic aseptic central nervous system inflammation that presents systemic characteristics associated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 beta (IL-1ß) and interleukin 18 (IL-18) and the presence of microglia and reactive astrogliosis as well as the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. The obesity pandemic is associated with lifestyle changes, including an excessive intake of obesogenic foods and decreased physical activity. Brain areas such as the lateral hypothalamus (LH), lateral septum (LS), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) have been implicated in the homeostatic and hedonic control of feeding in experimental models of diet-induced obesity. In this context, a chronic lipid intake triggers neuroinflammation in several brain regions such as the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala. This review aims to present the background defining the significant impact of neuroinflammation and how this, when induced by an obesogenic diet, can affect feeding control, triggering metabolic and neurological alterations.

Condición física de futbolistas adultos y jóvenes de un equipo profesional de Nicaragua / Condição física de jogadores de futebol adultos y juniores de uma equipe profissional na Nicaragua / Physical condition of adult and junior soccer players of a professional team in Nicaragua

En la actualidad, el fútbol es un deporte que demanda un alto desempeño físico, por lo que conocer las características de la condición física en las distintas categorías de desarrollo se hace fundamental para conducir un óptimo proceso de entrenamiento, de modo que, el objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la condición física de futbolistas de un club profesional de Nicaragua, según la categoría de edad en las cuales se desempeñaban. El presente es un estudio de tipo descriptivo, comparativo, de la condición física de 187 futbolistas, de edades entre 13 y 31 años, distribuidos por categoría según año de nacimiento y plantel profesional. El grupo PRO presenta mayor rendimiento en comparación a las categorías U13, U15, U17 y U21 (p < 0,001) en tiempo sprint lineal 10 metros (F = 71 y TE = 0,71), 30 metros (F = 85 y TE = 0,70), velocidad de tiro (F = 171 y TE = 0,81), Tiempo en test agilidad de Illinois (F = 77 y TE = 0,72) y metros recorridos en Yo-Yo de recuperación intermitente nivel 1 (F = 121 y TE = 0,73). Se puede concluir que existe un mayor rendimiento de los aspectos físicos por parte de las categorías de mayor edad. Estos resultados pueden servir de referencia o de parámetros de comparación de rendimiento físico de jugadores jóvenes y adultos a nivel nacional de Nicaragua.

Currently, soccer is a sport that demands high physical performance, so knowing the characteristics of the physical condition of players in the different categories of development is essential for conducting an optimal training process. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the physical condition of soccer players from a professional club in Nicaragua, according to the age category in which they played. This is a descriptive and comparative study of the physical condition of 187 soccer players between the ages of 13 and 31, distributed by category, according to year of birth and the professional team they were on. The PRO group presented higher performance in comparison to the U13, U15, U17, and U21 categories (p<0.001) in the 10 meters linear sprint time (F=71 and TE=0.71), 30 meters linear sprint time (F=85 and TE=0.70), shooting speed (F=171 and TE=0.81), time in Illinois agility test (F=77 and TE=0.72), and in meters ran in the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (F=121 and TE=0.73). The study shows that there is a higher performance of the older categories in the physical aspects. These results can serve as reference or comparison parameters of the physical performance of young and adult players at a national level in Nicaragua.

Atualmente, o futebol é um esporte que exige um alto desempenho físico, portanto, conhecer as características da condição física nas diferentes categorias de desenvolvimento é essencial para conduzir um processo de treinamento ideal, portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a condição física dos jogadores de futebol de um clube profissional na Nicarágua, de acordo com a categoria etária em que jogaram. Este é um estudo descritivo e comparativo da condição física de 187 jogadores de futebol entre 13 e 31 anos, distribuídos por categoria de acordo com o ano de nascimento e equipe profissional. O grupo PRO apresentou melhor desempenho em comparação com as categorias U13, U15, U17 e U21 (p<0,001) em tempo de sprint linear 10 metros (F=71 e TE=0.71), 30 metros (F=85 e TE=0,70), velocidade de tiro (F=171 e TE=0.81), tempo em teste de agilidade illinois (F=77 e TE=0.72) e metros corridos em Yo-Yo de nível de recuperação intermitente 1 (F=121 e TE=0.73). Pode-se concluir que há um maior desempenho dos aspectos físicos por parte das categorias mais antigas. Estes resultados podem servir como parâmetros de referência ou comparação do desempenho físico de jogadores jovens e adultos a nível nacional na Nicarágua.

The Transcranial Light Therapy Improves Synaptic Plasticity in the Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia worldwide. Emerging non-invasive treatments such as photobiomodulation target the mitochondria to minimize brain damage, improving cognitive functions. In this work, an experimental design was carried out to evaluate the effect of transcranial light therapy (TLTC) on synaptic plasticity (SP) and cognitive functions in an AD animal model. Twenty-three mice were separated into two general groups: an APP/PS1 (ALZ) transgenic group and a wild-type (WT) group. Each group was randomly subdivided into two subgroups: mice with and without TLTC, depending on whether they would undergo treatment with TLTC. Cognitive function, measured through an object recognition task, showed non-significant improvement after TLTC. SP, on the other hand, was evaluated using four electrophysiological parameters from the Schaffer-CA1 collateral hippocampal synapses: excitatory field potentials (fEPSP), paired pulse facilitation (PPF), long-term depression (LTD), and long-term potentiation (LTP). An improvement was observed in subjects treated with TLTC, showing higher levels of LTP than those transgenic mice that were not exposed to the treatment. Therefore, the results obtained in this work showed that TLTC could be an efficient non-invasive treatment for AD-associated SP deficits.

Efectos en el estado de bienestar en periodo de confinamiento debido al COVID-19 en jugadores profesionales de fútbol / Effects on the wellness state in period of confinement due to COVID-19 in professional soccer players

Resumen El propósito del estudio fue conocer las alteraciones en el estado de bienestar en periodo de confinamiento debido al COVID-19 en jugadores de fútbol profesional de la primera división B de Chile. Participaron 28 jugadores profesionales de fútbol varones, edad 26 ± 6.3 años, masa corporal de 74.2 ± 5.5 kg y estatura de 177 ± 0.05 cm. Se evaluó el grado de bienestar a través de un cuestionario (McLean et al., 2010) durante periodo competitivo y periodo de confinamiento de la temporada 2020. Se muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0.05) entre el periodo competitivo y el periodo de confinamiento, en FT (t = 2.5; p = 0.0), SO (t = 2.71; p = 0.01), ES (t = 5.07; p = 0.0), EA (t = 1.82; p = 0.08) y T (t = 4.87; p = 0.0). Se reflejaron TE pequeños en las variables EA y DM (d = 0.7; d = 0.4 respectivamente), moderados en FT y SO (d = 1.0; d = 1.2 respectivamente) y muy grandes en ES y T (d = 2.1; d = 2.0 respectivamente). Los PC y CV entre periodos para las variables de bienestar fueron para FT 11% y 11.6%, para DM 5.3% y 13.1%, para SO 9.3%; 7.5%, ES 11.6% y 5.9, para EA 3.9%; 5.2%, y finalmente para T 8.1% y 4.0% respectivamente. Es posible concluir que el estado de bienestar en jugadores profesionales de fútbol se ve alterado en el periodo de confinamiento respecto al de competición, encontrándose cambios significativos en las variables FT, SO, ES y T, que coincidieron con los cambios de moderados a muy grandes de estas mismas variables, como también los PC fueron más grandes que el CV entre periodos; por lo que podríamos considerar estos cambios como reales, y que pudiesen ser un efecto atribuible al aislamiento obligatorio.

Abstract This study aimed to find changes in the wellness state, during the confinement period due to COVID-19, in professional soccer players from the first division B of Chile. The studied sample consisted of 28 professional male soccer players aged 26 ± 6.3 years, body mass 74.2 ± 5.5 kg, and height 177 ± 0.05 cm. The degree of well-being was evaluated through a questionnaire (McLean et al., 2010) during the 2020 competitive and confinement periods. Statistically, significant differences (p <0.05) between the competitive period and the confinement period are shown in FT (t = 2.5; p = 0.0), SO (t = 2.71; p = 0.01), ES (t = 5.07; p = 0.0), EA (t = 1.82; p = 0.08), and T (t = 4.87; p = 0.0). Small TE were reflected in the variables EA and DM (d = 0.7; d = 0.4 respectively), moderate in FAT and SO (d = 1.0; d = 1.2 respectively), and very large in ES and T (d = 2.1; d = 2.0 respectively). The CP and CV between periods for the well-being variables were the following: for FAT, 11% and 11.6%, for DM, 5.3% and 13.1%; for SO, 9.3%; 7.5%, ES 11.6% and 5.9, for EA 3.9%; 5.2%, and finally for T 8.1% and 4.0% respectively. It is possible to conclude that the state of well-being in professional soccer players is altered in the period of confinement with respect to that of competition, finding significant changes in the variables FT, SO, ES, and T, which coincided with the changes from moderate to very large of these same variables, as well as the PC were larger than the CV between periods. Therefore, we could consider these changes as real, and they could be an effect attributable to the mandatory isolation.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi conhecer as alterações no estado de bem-estar no período de confinamento devido à COVID-19 entre jogadores profissionais de futebol da primeira divisão B do Chile. Vinte e oito jogadores profissionais de futebol masculino participaram, com idade de 26 ± 6,3 anos, massa corporal de 74,2 ± 5,5 kg e altura de 177 ± 0,05 cm. O grau de bem-estar foi avaliado por meio de um questionário (McLean et al., 2010) durante os períodos competitivos e de confinamento da temporada 2020. Forma demonstradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) entre o período competitivo e o de confinamento, em FT (t = 2,5; p = 0,0), SO (t = 2,71; p = 0,01), ES (t = 5,07; p = 0,0), EA (t = 1,82; p = 0,08) e T (t = 4,87; p = 0,0). TE pequenos foram refletidos nas variáveis EA e DM (d = 0,7; d = 0,4 respectivamente), moderados em FT e SO (d = 1,0; d = 1,2 respectivamente) e muito grandes em ES e T (d = 2,1; d = 2,0 respectivamente). O PC e o CV entre períodos para as variáveis de bem-estar foram para FT 11% e 11,6%, para DM 5,3% e 13,1%, para SO 9,3%; 7,5%, ES 11,6% e 5,9, para EA 3,9%; 5,2%, e finalmente para T 8,1% e 4,0% respectivamente. É possível concluir que o estado de bem-estar dos jogadores de futebol profissional ficou alterado no período de confinamento em relação ao período de competição, encontrando alterações significativas nas variáveis FT, SO, ES e T, que coincidiram com alterações moderadas a muito grandes nestas mesmas variáveis, assim como o PC foi maior que o CV entre períodos; desta forma, poderíamos considerar estas alterações como reais, e que poderiam ser um efeito atribuível ao isolamento obrigatório.

An Upgraded, Highly Saturated Linkage Map of Japanese Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.), and Identification of a New Major Locus Controlling the Flavan-3-ol Composition in Fruits.

Japanese plum fruits are rich in phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols, whose contents vary significantly among cultivars. Catechin (C) and epicatechin (EC) are flavan-3-ol monomers described in the fruits of this species and are associated with bitterness, astringency, antioxidant capacity, and susceptibility to enzymatic mesocarp browning. In this study, we aimed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the content of flavan-3-ol in Japanese plum fruits. We evaluated the content of C and EC in the mesocarp and exocarp of samples from 79 and 64 seedlings of an F1 progeny (<'98-99' × 'Angeleno'>) in the first and second seasons, respectively. We also constructed improved versions of linkage maps from '98-99' and 'Angeleno,' presently called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) after mapping the already available GBS reads to Prunus salicina Lindl. cv. 'Sanyueli' v2.0 reference genome. These data allowed for describing a cluster of QTLs in the cultivar, 'Angeleno,' associated with the flavan-3-ol composition of mesocarp and exocarp, which explain up to 100% of the C/EC ratio. Additionally, we developed a C/EC metabolic marker, which was mapped between the markers with the highest log of odds (LOD) scores detected by the QTL analysis. The C/EC locus was located in the LG1, at an interval spanning 0.70 cM at 108.30-108.90 cM. Our results suggest the presence of a novel major gene controlling the preferential synthesis of C or EC in the Japanese plum fruits. This study is a significant advance in understanding the regulation of synthesizing compounds associated with fruit quality, postharvest, and human health promotion.

Changes in the Mechanical Properties of the Horizontal Force-Velocity Profile during a Repeated Sprint Test in Professional Soccer Players.

The objective was to analyze the changes in the horizontal force-velocity profile (HFVP) during the execution of repeated sprinting. Methods: Seventeen first-division Chilean soccer players completed a repeated sprint protocol consisting of eight sprints of 30 m with 25-s pauses between repetitions. The behavior of HFVP variables in each attempt was recorded from video recordings and analysis in the MySprint® application. Results: Differences (p < 0.05) were found between sprints in the following: time (T), starting from sprint 5 (F = 35.6; η2p = 0.69); theoretical maximum speed (V0), starting from sprint 4 (F = 29.3; η2p = 0.51); maximum power (PM), starting from sprint 5 (F = 17; η2p = 0.52); rate of decrease in force index produced at each step (DRF), starting from sprint 1 (F = 3.20; η2p = 0.17); and RF10, starting from sprint 1 (F = 15.5; η2p = 0.49). In comparison, F0 and RFpeak did not present any differences (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The HFVP variables more sensitive to the effects of fatigue induced by an RSA protocol are those associated with the production of force at high speeds, being V0, DRF, and Pmax, while those that contribute to the generation of force at the beginning of the sprint, F0 and RFpeak, do not present essential variations.

Vínculo entre composición corporal, sprint y salto vertical en futbolistas jóvenes de élite de Chile / Link Between Body Composition, Sprint and Vertical Jump in Young Elite Soccer Players from Chile

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer las relaciones entre indicadores de composición corporal y rendimiento físico en jugadores jóvenes de élite y determinar si existen diferencias entre posiciones de juego y series. La muestra fue de futbolistas seleccionados Sub-15 (n=24) y Sub-17 (n=20) varones, divididos por posición de juego. Se evaluaron indicadores composición corporal, porcentaje de masa grasa (%MG) y porcentaje de masa muscular (%MM). Se evaluaron salto desde sentadilla (SJ), salto con contramovimiento (CMJ), velocidad lineal en 10 (T10) y 30 metros (T30). Se relacionaron variables de composición corporal y rendimiento físico, y se buscaron diferencias entre posiciones de juego y entre categorías. Se hallaron grandes asociaciones significativas en la categoría Sub-15 entre %MM con SJ y CMJ, y moderadas entre %MG con T10, SJ y CMJ. En Sub-17 una asociación significativa grande entre %MM y T30, y entre %MG y T30. Se hallaron diferencias significativas en %MG en la categoría Sub-17, entre los arqueros vs defensas y delanteros. Se encontraron diferencias significativas moderadas en %MM entre categorías y diferencias muy grandes en T10 y T30, y una diferencia moderada en SJ. Es posible concluir que la composición corporal %MM y %MG se relaciona con el rendimiento físico. Además, existen diferencias en %MG entre los arqueros vs los jugadores de campo y diferencias en las variables de composición corporal y rendimiento físico entre jugadores Sub-17 y sub-15. Los resultados obtenidos pueden servir de referencia o de parámetros de comparación de jugadores jóvenes a nivel nacional en la detección de talentos.

Abstract The study aimed to know the relationships between indicators of body composition and physical performance in elite young players and determine if there are differences between playing positions and series. The sample was of selected U-15 (n=24) and U-17 (n=20) male players, divided by playing position. Body composition, fat mass percentage (%MG), and muscle mass percentage (%MM) indicators were evaluated. Also, Squat Jump (SJ), Countermovement Jump (CMJ), linear velocity in 10 (T10) and 30 meters (T30) were evaluated. Body composition and physical performance variables were related, and differences between playing positions and between categories were sought. Significant large associations were found in the U-15 category between %MM with SJ and CMJ and moderate associations between %MG with T10, SJ, and CMJ. In the U-17 category, a significant large association was found between %MM and T30 and between %MG and T30. Significant differences in %MG were found in the U-17 category between goalkeepers vs. defenders and forwards. Moderate significant differences were found in %MM between categories and very large differences in T10 and T30, and a moderate difference in SJ. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the body composition %MM and %MG is related to physical performance. In addition, there are differences in %MG between goalkeepers vs. outfield players and differences in body composition and physical performance variables between U-17 and U-15 players. The results obtained can be used as a reference or as parameters for comparing young players at the national level in the detection of talent.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer as relações entre indicadores de composição corporal e desempenho físico em jovens jogadores de elite e verificar se existem diferenças entre posições de jogo e séries. A amostra foi composta por jogadores de futebol masculino sub-15 (n = 24) e sub-17 (n = 20) selecionados, divididos por posição de jogo. Foram avaliados indicadores de composição corporal, percentual de massa gorda (% MG) e percentual de massa muscular (% MM). Foram avaliados o salto de agachamento (SJ), salto de contra movimento (CMJ), velocidade linear a 10 (T10) e 30 metros (T30). Variáveis de composição corporal e desempenho físico foram relacionadas, e diferenças entre as posições de jogo e entre as categorias foram pesquisadas. Grandes associações significativas foram encontradas na categoria de menores de 15 anos entre% MM com SJ e CMJ, e moderadas entre% MG com T10, SJ e CMJ. Em Sub-17, uma grande associação significativa entre% MM e T30 e entre% MG e T30. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas na % MG na categoria Sub-17, entre goleiros x zagueiros e atacantes. Diferenças moderadas significativas foram encontradas em % MM entre as categorias e diferenças muito grandes em T10 e T30, e uma diferença moderada em SJ. É possível concluir que a composição corporal % MM e% MG está relacionada ao desempenho físico. Além disso, há diferenças na % MG entre goleiros e jogadores de campo e diferenças nas variáveis de composição corporal e desempenho físico entre jogadores Sub-17 e Sub-15. Os resultados obtidos podem servir de referência ou parâmetro de comparação de jovens jogadores a nível nacional para a detecção de talentos.

Consenso chileno de diagnóstico y manejo de neoplasias quísticas pancreáticas. Club de páncreas Chile-SCHGE / Chilean consensus on diagnosis and management of pancreatic cystic neoplasms

Pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCN) are frequently detected on abdominal images performed for non-pancreatic indications. Their prevalence in asymptomatic population ranges from 2.7 to 24.8%, and increases with age. There are several types of pancreatic cysts. Some may contain cancer or have malignant potential, such as mucinous cystic neoplasms, including mucinous cystadenoma (MCN) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN). In contrast, others are benign, such as serous cystadenoma (SCA). However, even those cysts with malignant potential rarely progress to cancer. Currently, the only treatment for pancreatic cysts is surgery, which is associated with high morbidity and occasional mortality. The Board of the Chilean Pancreas Club of the Chilean Gastroenterology Society developed the first Chilean multidisciplinary consensus for diagnosis, management, and surveillance of PCN. Thirty experts were invited and answered 21 statements with five possible alternatives: 1) fully agree; 2) partially agree; 3) undecided; 4) disagree and 5) strongly disagree. A consensus was adopted when at least 80% of the sum of the answers "fully agree" and "partially agree" was reached. The consensus was approved by the Board of Directors of the Chilean Pancreas Club for publication.

[Clinical dilemmas derived from the need to certify rape for voluntary pregnancy interruption]. / Dilemas clínicos en la constitución de la tercera causal de la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo.

Since 2017, women in Chile are allowed to interrupt voluntarily a pregnancy on three grounds: 1) When a woman's life is at risk due to the pregnancy, 2) When there are fetal anomalies incompatible with life, or 3) When pregnancy is result of rape. Women who qualify for any of these three pregnancy interruption requirements are entitled to a psychosocial accompaniment program to promote an integrative approach. In this article we will discuss the role of the psychosocial team in cases of rape resulting pregnancy. Specifically, the clinical and ethical dilemmas posed by the need to certify the rape in a general hospital such as difficulties in assessment of the story's plausibility, clinician's dual role and the limits to confidentiality, are discussed.

Artificial intelligence for the early detection of colorectal cancer: A comprehensive review of its advantages and misconceptions.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) was the second-ranked worldwide type of cancer during 2020 due to the crude mortality rate of 12.0 per 100000 inhabitants. It can be prevented if glandular tissue (adenomatous polyps) is detected early. Colonoscopy has been strongly recommended as a screening test for both early cancer and adenomatous polyps. However, it has some limitations that include the high polyp miss rate for smaller (< 10 mm) or flat polyps, which are easily missed during visual inspection. Due to the rapid advancement of technology, artificial intelligence (AI) has been a thriving area in different fields, including medicine. Particularly, in gastroenterology AI software has been included in computer-aided systems for diagnosis and to improve the assertiveness of automatic polyp detection and its classification as a preventive method for CRC. This article provides an overview of recent research focusing on AI tools and their applications in the early detection of CRC and adenomatous polyps, as well as an insightful analysis of the main advantages and misconceptions in the field.

Detection of Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling the Content of Phenolic Compounds in an Asian Plum (Prunus salicina L.) F1 Population.

Consumption of fresh fruit is known to protect against non-communicable diseases due to the fruit's content in compounds with an antioxidant capacity, among them is polyphenols. Asian plums (Prunus salicina L.) accumulate more than 40 phenolic compounds, with a remarkable diversity in their profiles, depending on the variety and environmental conditions. Although candidate genes have been indicated to control this trait, the loci controlling its phenotypic variation have not yet been defined in this species. The aim of this work was to identify the quantitative trait Loci (QTL) controlling the phenolic compounds content in the Asian plum skin and flesh. Using UHPLC-DAD-Orbitrap-MS, we determined that cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside are the main anthocyanins in Asian plums. Other anthocyanins found to a lesser extent were tentatively identified as cyanidin bound to different sugar and procyanidin moieties. Then we phenotyped fruits of 92 and 80 F1 seedlings from the cross < "98.99" × "Angeleno"> (98 Ang) for two harvest seasons. We used HPLC-DAD to quantify single anthocyanin and spectrophotometric techniques to determine the total content of phenols, flavonoids, procyanidins, and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP). To determine the phenotype-genotype association of phenolic compounds content, phenotypic values (adjusted by linear mixed-effects models), genotypic data and linkage maps were analyzed with the multiple QTL model (MQM) approach. We found a total of 21 significant trait-marker associations: 13 QTLs segregating from "98.99" and 8 QTLs from "Angeleno." From these associations, 8 corresponded to phenolic compound content in the flesh and 13 in the skin. Phenotype variance was explained by the detected loci, ranging from 12.4 to 27.1%. The identified loci are related to the content of cyanidin-3-glucoside (LG4), cyanidin-3-rutinoside (LG4), total flavonoids and procyanidins (LG5 and LG8), and minor anthocyanin compounds (LG3 and LG4). These results will help improve the efficiency of breeding programs for the generation of Asian plum varieties with high phenolic compound content.

Child maltreatment reports and Child Protection Service responses during COVID-19: Knowledge exchange among Australia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Germany, Israel, and South Africa.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has become a worldwide pandemic impacting child protection services (CPSs) in many countries. With quarantine and social distancing restrictions, school closures, and recreational venues suspended or providing reduced access, the social safety net for violence prevention has been disrupted significantly. Impacts include the concerns of underreporting and increased risk of child abuse and neglect, as well as challenges in operating CPSs and keeping their workforce safe. OBJECTIVE: The current discussion paper explored the impact of COVID-19 on child maltreatment reports and CPS responses by comparing countries using available population data. METHOD: Information was gathered from researchers in eight countries, including contextual information about the country's demographics and economic situation, key elements of the CPS, and the CPS response to COVID-19. Where available, information about other factors affecting children was also collected. These data informed a discussion about between-country similarities and differences. RESULTS: COVID-19 had significant impact on the operation of every CPS, whether in high- income or low-income countries. Most systems encountered some degree of service disruption or change. Risk factors for children appeared to increase while there were often substantial deficits in CPS responses, and in most countries there was at a temporary decrease in CM reports despite the increased risks to children. CONCLUSIONS: The initial data presented and discussed among the international teams pointed to the way COVID-19 has hampered CPS responses and the protection of children more generally in most jurisdictions, highlighting that children appear to have been at greater risk for maltreatment during COVID-19.