ABSTRACT
Intrauterine and perinatal life are critical periods for programming of cardiometabolic diseases. However, their relative role remains controversial. We aimed to assess, at weaning, sex-dependent alterations induced by fetal or postnatal nutritional interventions on key organs for metabolic and cardiovascular control. Fetal undernutrition was induced by dam food restriction (50 % from mid-gestation to delivery) returning to ad libitum throughout lactation (Maternal Undernutrition, MUN, 12 pups/litter). Postnatal overfeeding (POF) was induced by litter size reduction from normally fed dams (4 pups/litter). Compared to control, female and male MUN offspring exhibited: 1) low birth weight and accelerated growth, reaching similar weight and tibial length by weaning, 2) increased glycemia, liver and white fat weights; 3) increased ventricular weight and tendency to reduced kidney weight (males only). Female and male POF offspring showed: 1) accelerated growth; 2) increased glycemia, liver and white fat weights; 3) unchanged heart and kidney weights. In conclusion, postnatal accelerated growth, with or without fetal undernutrition, induces early alterations relevant for metabolic disease programming, while fetal undernutrition is required for heart abnormalities. The progression of cardiac alterations and their role on hypertension development needs to be evaluated. The similarities between sexes in pre-pubertal rats suggest a role of sex-hormones in female protection against programming.
Subject(s)
Adipose Tissue/growth & development , Body Weight , Fetal Nutrition Disorders/physiopathology , Infant Nutrition Disorders/physiopathology , Organ Size , Viscera/growth & development , Adipose Tissue/pathology , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Pregnancy , Pregnancy, Animal , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Sex Characteristics , Viscera/pathologyABSTRACT
Objetivo. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el origen de los cambios plásticos del fenotipo en una estructura biológica, en nuestro caso la cadera. Como hipótesis de trabajo se presenta la posibilidad de que los cambios se puedan interpretar según el paradigma Lamarckiano, en contraposición al paradigma Darwiniano. La sección material y método del trabajo se menciona en la parte I. Se han añadido estudios de plantas y peces. Discusión. Los resultados muestran que el diseño de la cadera, como relación de bola y cuenco, no cambia. El fenotipo, en los elementos que costituyen los tejidos de la articulación de la cadera, muestra cambios plásticos significativos. Conclusión. Sugerimos: que los cambios de la plasticidad del fenotipo de la cadera son inmanentes al fenotipo, y no se interpretan según el paradigma Lamarckiano ni Darwiniano (AU)
Objective. The aim of this work is to analyse the origin of phenotypic plastic changes into a biologic structure, in this case the hip. As a hypothesis of the work, the possibility that changes could be explained following the Lamarckian paradigm, opposed to the Darwinian paradigm, is shown. The section material and methods of this work have been published in part I. Studies in plants and fish have been added. Discussion. Results showed that the ball-and-socket design of the hip joint remains unchanged. Phenotype in the elements that form the hip joint tissues showed significant plastic changes. Conclusion. Interpretation of our results suggest that changes in phenotype plasticity of the hip joint are immanent to phenotype and cannot be explained by following Lamarck's or Darwin's paradigm (AU)
Subject(s)
Phylogeny , Hip Joint/physiology , Hip Injuries/physiopathology , Plants/genetics , Fishes/physiology , Femur/physiopathology , Pelvis/physiopathology , Phenotype , Hip/physiopathology , Chondrocytes/physiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work is to analyse the origin of phenotypic plastic changes into a biologic structure, in this case the hip. As a hypothesis of the work, the possibility that changes could be explained following the Lamarckian paradigm, opposed to the Darwinian paradigm, is shown. The section material and methods of this work have been published in part I. Studies in plants and fish have been added. DISCUSSION: Results showed that the ball-and-socket design of the hip joint remains unchanged. Phenotype in the elements that form the hip joint tissues showed significant plastic changes. CONCLUSION: Interpretation of our results suggest that changes in phenotype plasticity of the hip joint are immanent to phenotype and cannot be explained by following Lamarck's or Darwin's paradigm.
