ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted to evaluate Carcinogenic (TR) and non-carcinogenic (THQ) human health risk of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in three edible fish species (Labeo boga, Channa marulius and Wallago attu) of River Chenab, Pakistan using USEPA human health risk assessment model. Holistic GIS (Geographic information system) based Geo-Statistical approach has been employed for the first time in River Chenab, Pakistan to categorize contaminated risk zones of OCPs based on single pollution index. The ∑OCPs concentrations in fish species were ranged from 5.09 to 414 ng/g with the prevalence of dieldrin. Results of single pollution index of DDE, aldrin, dieldrin and ∑endosulfan revealed River Chenab as polluted and risk zone area. Distribution pattern assessed significantly higher (p < 0.05) concentrations of OCPs in downstream area suggesting substantial pollution of surrounded industrial region. The human health risk assessment depicted no harmful non-carcinogenic (THQ) risk except for ΣOCPs concentration of C. marulius. Significant carcinogenic (TR) health risk exhibited by all examined OCPs from maximum of the studied sites. Therefore, the high carcinogenic human health risk had highlighted an immediate removal of continuous disposal of OCPs in the River Chenab.
Subject(s)
Cyprinidae , Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated , Pesticides , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Animals , Humans , Geographic Information Systems , Dieldrin , Pakistan , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Pesticides/analysis , Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/analysis , Carcinogens , Risk Assessment , Environmental Monitoring/methodsABSTRACT
An environment friendly synthesis of novel hybrid pharmacophores derived from synergism of nalidixic acid and 1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-ones is described. Percent yield and reaction times of microwave assisted reactions have been compared with the reactions carried out under conventional reaction conditions which show marked decrease in reaction times and significant increase in yields. Besides, anti-oxidant potential of the synthesized hybrid compounds was evaluated and some of the compounds showed marked ascorbic acid equivalence Ferric reducing anti-oxidant power (FRAP) and metal chelating capacities. Crystal study of one representative of the synthesized series is also presented.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/pharmacology , Naphthyridines/pharmacology , Antioxidants/chemical synthesis , Antioxidants/chemistry , Crystallography, X-Ray , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Microwaves , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Naphthyridines/chemical synthesis , Naphthyridines/chemistry , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
In the title compound, C(10)H(9)NO(5)S, the fused ring system and the planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0037â Å) methoxy-carbonyl-methyl side chain form a dihedral angle of 84.67â (10)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter-molecular C-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds. A triclinic polymorph of the title compound is already known [Siddiqui et al. (2008 â¶). Acta Cryst. E64, o859].
