[Position paper on reporting of intestinal ultrasound findings in patients with inflammatory bowel disease]. / Positionspapier zur Befunderhebung von Darmultraschallbefunden bei chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal ultrasound is increasingly used for primary diagnosis, detection of complications and monitoring of patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Standardization of reporting is relevant to ensure quality of the methodology and to improve communication between different specialties. The current manuscript describes the features required for optimized reporting of intestinal ultrasound findings in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS: An expert consensus panel of gastroenterologists, radiologists, pathologists, paediatric gastroenterologists and surgeons conducted a systematic literature search. In a Delphi- process members of the Kompetenznetz Darmerkrankungen in collaboration with members of the German Society for Radiology (DRG) voted on relevant criteria for reporting of findings in intestinal ultrasound. Based on the voting results statements were agreed by expert consensus. RESULTS: Clinically relevant aspects of intestinal ultrasound (IUS) findings have been defined to optimize reporting and to standardize terminology. Minimal requirements for standardized reporting are suggested. The statements focus on description of disease activity as well as on complications of IBD. Attributes of intestinal inflammation are described and illustrated by exemplary images. CONCLUSION: The current manuscript provides practical recommendations on how to standardize documentation and reporting from intestinal ultrasound findings in patients with IBD.

[Position paper on endoscopic reporting in IBD]. / Positionspapier zur Befunderstellung endoskopischer Untersuchungen bei Patienten mit chronisch-entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen.

The complete and reliable documentation of endoscopic findings make up the crucial foundation for the treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn´s disease and ulcerative colitis. These findings are, on the one hand, a prerequisite for therapeutic decisions and, on the other hand, important as a tool for assessing the response to ongoing treatments. Endoscopic reports should, therefore, be recorded according to standardized criteria to ensure that the findings of different endoscopists can be adequately compared and that changes in the course of the disease can be traced back. In consideration of these necessities, fifteen members of the Imaging Working Group of the German Kompetenznetz Darmerkrankungen have created a position paper proposing a structure and specifications for the documentation of endoscopic exams. In addition to the formal report structure, the recommendations address a large number of attributes of acute and chronic inflammatory alterations as well as endoscopically detectable complications, which are explained in detail and illustrated using exemplary images. In addition, more frequently used endoscopic activity indices are presented and their use in everyday clinical practice is discussed.

Spectral Spatial Variation.

Automatic carcinoma detection from hyper/multi spectral images is of essential importance due to the fact that these images cannot be presented directly to the clinician. However, standard approaches for carcinoma detection use hundreds or even thousands of features. This would cost a high amount of RAM (random access memory) for a pixel wise analysis and would slow down the classification or make it even impossible on standard PCs. To overcome this, strong features are required. We propose that the spectral-spatial-variation (SSV) is one of these strong features. SSV is the residuum of the three dimensional hyper spectral data cube minus its approximation with a fitting in a small volume of the 3D image. By using it, the classification results of carcinoma detection in the stomach with multi spectral imaging will be increase significantly compared to not using the SSV. In some cases, the AUC can be even as high as by the usage of 72 spatial features.

Perceived distress, personality characteristics, coping strategies and psychosocial impairments in a national German multicenter cohort of patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This study examined differences in personality, psychological distress, and stress coping in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) depending on type of disease and disease activity. We compared patients suffering from Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) with controls. While the literature is replete with distinctive features of the pathogenesis of IBD, the specific differences in psychological impairments are not well studied. METHODS: In this German national multicenter study, participants were recruited from 32 centers. Two hundred ninety-seven questionnaires were included, delivering vast information on disease status and psychological well-being based on validated instruments with a total of 285 variables. RESULTS: CD patients were more affected by psychological impairments than patients suffering from UC or controls. Importantly, patients with active CD scored higher in neuroticism (p < 0.01), psychological distress (p < 0.001) and maladaptive stress coping (escape, p = 0.03; rumination, p < 0.03), but less need for social support (p = 0.001) than controls. In contrast, patients suffering from active UC showed psychological distress (p < 0.04) and maladaptive coping (avoidance, p < 0.03; escape, p = 0.01). Patients in remission seemed to be less affected. In particular, patients with UC in remission were not inflicted by psychological impairments. The group of CD patients in remission however, showed insecurity (p < 0.01) and paranoid ideation (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: We identified specific aspects of psychological impairment in IBD depending on disease and disease activity. Our results underscore the need for psychological support and treatment particularly in active CD.

Expansion of IL-23 receptor bearing TNFR2+ T cells is associated with molecular resistance to anti-TNF therapy in Crohn's disease.

OBJECTIVE: Anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antibodies are successfully used for treatment of Crohn's disease. Nevertheless, approximately 40% of patients display failure to anti-TNF therapy. Here, we characterised molecular mechanisms that are associated with endoscopic resistance to anti-TNF therapy. DESIGN: Mucosal and blood cells were isolated from patients with Crohn's disease prior and during anti-TNF therapy. Cytokine profiles, cell surface markers, signalling proteins and cell apoptosis were assessed by microarray, immunohistochemistry, qPCR, ELISA, whole organ cultures and FACS. RESULTS: Responders to anti-TNF therapy displayed a significantly higher expression of TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) but not IL23R on T cells than non-responders prior to anti-TNF therapy. During anti-TNF therapy, there was a significant upregulation of mucosal IL-23p19, IL23R and IL-17A in anti-TNF non-responders but not in responders. Apoptosis-resistant TNFR2+IL23R+ T cells were significantly expanded in anti-TNF non-responders compared with responders, expressed the gut tropic integrins α4ß7, and exhibited increased expression of IFN-γ, T-bet, IL-17A and RORγt compared with TNFR2+IL23R- cells, indicating a mixed Th1/Th17-like phenotype. Intestinal TNFR2+IL23R+ T cells were activated by IL-23 derived from CD14+ macrophages, which were significantly more present in non-responders prior to anti-TNF treatment. Administration of IL-23 to anti-TNF-treated mucosal organ cultures led to the expansion of CD4+IL23R+TNFR2+ lymphocytes. Functional studies demonstrated that anti-TNF-induced apoptosis in mucosal T cells is abrogated by IL-23. CONCLUSIONS: Expansion of apoptosis-resistant intestinal TNFR2+IL23R+ T cells is associated with resistance to anti-TNF therapy in Crohn's disease. These findings identify IL-23 as a suitable molecular target in patients with Crohn's disease refractory to anti-TNF therapy.

Prediction of clinical outcomes in Crohn's disease by using confocal laser endomicroscopy: results from a prospective multicenter study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Assessment of prognostic factors in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) is of pivotal importance for early intervention and "treat-to-target" strategies. Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) enables on-demand in vivo characterization of mucosal inflammatory and architectural changes during endoscopy. We prospectively assessed the value of CLE for prediction of clinical outcome parameters in CD. METHODS: Consecutive patients with CD undergoing colonoscopy were included in a multicenter study. Confocal imaging focused on 2 highly reproducible histologic hallmarks of active colonic inflammation: focal cryptitis and crypt architectural abnormality. We evaluated whether CLE, CD endoscopic index of severity (CDEIS), serum C-reactive protein (CRP), and CD activity index (CDAI) were associated with the risk of medical treatment escalation, transmural adverse events, and CD-related hospitalization or surgery during a 4-year follow-up. RESULTS: Among 49 patients (53% men, median age, 39 years), baseline CRP was ≥5 mg/L in 47%, CDEIS ≥3 in 75%, and CDAI >150 in 51%. Focal cryptitis and crypt architectural abnormality were observed in 63% (CLE+ group). CLE+ patients showed an increased incidence of medical treatment escalation (P < .001; relative risk [RR] = 3.27) and transmural lesions (P = .025; RR = 1.70), whereas patients with CRP ≥5 mg/L had increased CD-related hospitalization and surgery (P = .020, RR = 2.71) at 1-year follow-up. No further association with prognostic clinical outcomes was found over the 1-year follow-up as well as for CDEIS and CDAI at any time. CONCLUSIONS: CLE reveals CD-related features of mucosal inflammation and allows for early prediction of relevant clinical outcomes. Further studies should now address whether this promising prognostic tool could refine the timing of treatment strategies in patients with CD.

Development and Validation of a Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy-Based Score for In Vivo Assessment of Mucosal Healing in Ulcerative Colitis Patients.

Background: Endoscopic monitoring is fundamental for evaluating the therapeutic response in IBD, but a validated endomicroscopic mucosal healing (MH) score is not available to date. However, confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) might define MH more precisely than conventional endoscopy. The major aim was to establish and validate an MH score for ulcerative colitis (UC), based on CLE. Methods: In an initial pilot study (n = 10), various CLE changes were analyzed for identification of reproducible criteria for establishing a CLE score. Four reproducible CLE criteria were implemented in a following validation study. Subsequently, active UC patients (n = 23, Mayo score ≥6) were prospectively included and underwent colonoscopy with CLE before and after 3 anti-TNF applications. Patients were clinically followed over a period of 3 years. The endomicroscopic MH score (eMHs; range, 0-4) was compared with histopathology and endoscopy scores from the same colonic location. Results: The eMHs showed high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy values (100% with 95% confidence interval [CI] of 15.81%-100%; 93.75% with 95% CI of 69.77%-99.84%, and 94.44%, respectively). The eMHs showed a good correlation with the histological Gupta score (rs = 0.82, P < 0.0001) and the endoscopic Mayo subscore (rs = 0.81%, P < 0.0001). Sixty percent of therapy responders presented an eMHs <1, which translated into long-lasting clinical remission and reduced hospitalization, steroid, and surgery need. Conclusions: CLE can accurately assess MH based on the newly developed and statistically validated eMHs in UC, and it is superior in predicting the long-lasting clinical outcome based on both descriptive and functional barrier imaging (NCT01417728).

Computed Tomography-Guided Percutaneous Gastrostomy/Jejunostomy for Feeding and Decompression.

BACKGROUND: An effective method for long-term enteral feeding or stomach decompression is the use of a percutaneous gastrostomy (PEG) or sometimes jejunostomy (PEJ). Under certain circumstances (eg, inadequate transillumination), endoscopic placement of PEG/PEJ tubes is impossible. In these cases, computed tomography (CT)-guided PEG/PEJ may represent an alternative technique. In this study, we evaluate indications, results, and complications of CT-guided PEG/PEJ. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 102 consecutive referred patients were enrolled in the study. Patients came to the endoscopy unit of our department to undergo a CT-guided PEG/PEJ for long-term intragastric/intrajejunal feeding (n = 57) or decompression (n = 45). The majority (n = 98) received a pull-through PEG/PEJ with simultaneous gastroscopy/jejunoscopy. Dose length product and the effective dose for every patient were calculated. RESULTS: PEG/PEJ tube placement was successful in 87.3% (89 of 102). Feeding PEG/PEJ tube placement was successfully completed in 91.2% (52 of 57); decompressive PEG/PEJ tube placement was likewise successfully completed in 82.2% (37 of 45). No procedure-related mortality was observed. Minor complications (eg, tube dysfunction, local bleeding, minimal leakage, local skin infection) were observed in 13 patients. The complication rate was similar between the feeding and decompression groups ( P = .9). CONCLUSIONS: CT-guided PEG/PEJ is a feasible and safe method with a low procedure-related morbidity rate for patients where endoscopic placement via transillumination is not successful. Thus, the procedure is an attractive alternative to surgical tube placement. Long-term complications, mainly tube disturbances, can be treated easily.

Dysphagia in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: Early Dysphagia Screening May Reduce Stroke-Related Pneumonia and Improve Stroke Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Dysphagia is associated with poor outcome in stroke patients. Studies investigating the association of dysphagia and early dysphagia screening (EDS) with outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) are rare. The aims of our study are to investigate the association of dysphagia and EDS within 24 h with stroke-related pneumonia and outcomes. METHODS: Over a 4.5-year period (starting November 2007), all consecutive AIS patients from 15 hospitals in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, were prospectively evaluated. The primary outcomes were stroke-related pneumonia during hospitalization, mortality, and disability measured on the modified Rankin Scale ≥2-5, in which 2 indicates an independence/slight disability to 5 severe disability. RESULTS: Of 12,276 patients (mean age 73 ± 13; 49% women), 9,164 patients (74%) underwent dysphagia screening; of these patients, 55, 39, 4.7, and 1.5% of patients had been screened for dysphagia within 3, 3 to <24, 24 to ≤72, and >72 h following admission. Patients who underwent dysphagia screening were likely to be older, more affected on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, and to have higher rates of neurological symptoms and risk factors than patients who were not screened. A total of 3,083 patients (25.1%; 95% CI 24.4-25.8) had dysphagia. The frequency of dysphagia was higher in patients who had undergone dysphagia screening than in those who had not (30 vs. 11.1%; p < 0.001). During hospitalization (mean 9 days), 1,271 patients (10.2%; 95% CI 9.7-10.8) suffered from stroke-related pneumonia. Patients with dysphagia had a higher rate of pneumonia than those without dysphagia (29.7 vs. 3.7%; p < 0.001). Logistic regression revealed that dysphagia was associated with increased risk of stroke-related pneumonia (OR 3.4; 95% CI 2.8-4.2; p < 0.001), case fatality during hospitalization (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.1-3.7; p < 0.001) and disability at discharge (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.6-2.3; p < 0.001). EDS within 24 h of admission appeared to be associated with decreased risk of stroke-related pneumonia (OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.52-0.89; p = 0.006) and disability at discharge (OR 0.60; 95% CI 0.46-0.77; p < 0.001). Furthermore, dysphagia was independently correlated with an increase in mortality (OR 3.2; 95% CI 2.4-4.2; p < 0.001) and disability (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.8-3.0; p < 0.001) at 3 months after stroke. The rate of 3-month disability was lower in patients who had received EDS (52 vs. 40.7%; p = 0.003), albeit an association in the logistic regression was not found (OR 0.78; 95% CI 0.51-1.2; p = 0.2). CONCLUSIONS: Dysphagia exposes stroke patients to a higher risk of pneumonia, disability, and death, whereas an EDS seems to be associated with reduced risk of stroke-related pneumonia and disability.

[Inflammatory Bowel Disease Competence Network]. / Kompetenznetz Darmerkrankungen.

The Inflammatory Bowel Disease Competence Network is a network of more than 500 physicians and scientists from university clinics, hospitals and gastroenterology practices. The focus extends from the two major forms of inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, into other chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the intestine, including coeliac disease and microscopic colitis. The network translates basic science discoveries (in particular in the molecular epidemiology research) into innovative diagnostics and therapy. Through its strong networking structures it supports a continuous process to improve quality and standardisation in patient care that is implemented in close interaction with European networks addressing this disease group.Optimisation of patient care based on scientifically proven evidence is a main focus of the network. Therefore, it supports and coordinates translational research and infrastructure projects that investigate aetiology, improvement of diagnostic methods, and development of new or improved use of established therapies. Members participate in various training projects, thus ensuring the rapid transfer of research results into clinical practice.The competence network cooperates with the main patient organisations to engage patients in all levels of activities. The network and the patient organisations have interest in promoting public awareness about the disease entities, because their importance and burden is underestimated in non-specialised medical fields and among the general public.

Batf-dependent Th17 cells critically regulate IL-23 driven colitis-associated colon cancer.

OBJECTIVES: IBDs have an increased risk for development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we aimed at the characterisation of the functional role of Th17-associated transcription factors in sporadic and colitis-associated colon cancer in vivo. DESIGN: We used mice deficient or transgenic for the activating protein 1 family member basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like (Batf) to evaluate the role of Th17 cells during sporadic and inflammation-induced colon carcinogenesis. We also studied the expression of Batf and RORγt in patients with IBD and CRC. RESULTS: Batf but not retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt(RORγt) expression was significantly increased together with interleukin (IL) 23 expression in UC but not in Crohn's disease (CD) tissue samples. In CRC also Batf but not RORγt expression was increased and its expression correlated with the IL-23 and IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) expression. Finally, Batf but not RORγt was coexpressed with IL-17a, IL-23R and IL-6 within CRC-infiltrating CD4(+) T cells. Functional studies in mice revealed that Batf-dependent T cells are crucial regulators of sporadic and inflammation-induced CRC. Colitis-associated Batf(-/-) tumours lacked IL-17a(+)IL-23R(+)IL-6(+)CD4(+) T cells, hence displaying characteristics reminiscent of human CRC-infiltrating CD4(+) T cells. Strikingly, Batf(-/-) tumours contained low IL-23 but high IL-17a expression levels. Tumour formation and intratumoral IL-23 expression could be restored by administration of Hyper-IL-6 consisting of IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor. CONCLUSIONS: Batf-dependent IL-23R(+)IL-6(+)CD4(+) Th17 cells critically control IL-23 driven colitis-associated tumour formation and the progression of sporadic colon tumours. Batf-dependent IL-23R(+) T cells represent a potential future therapeutic target limiting CRC progression.

First case report of exacerbated ulcerative colitis after anti-interleukin-6R salvage therapy.

We present the case of a 53-year-old woman with long-standing ulcerative colitis and severe, steroid-dependent disease course unresponsive to treatment with azathioprine, methotrexate, anti-TNF antibodies (infliximab, adalimumab) and tacrolimus, who refused colectomy as a therapeutic option. As the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) had been identified as a crucial regulator in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases, we treated the patient with biweekly intravenous infusions of an anti-IL-6R antibody (tocilizumab) for 12 wk. However, no clinical improvement of disease activity was noted. In fact, endoscopic, histological and endomicroscopic assessment demonstrated exacerbation of mucosal inflammation and ulcer formation upon anti-IL-6R therapy. Mechanistic studies revealed that tocilizumab treatment failed to suppress intestinal IL-6 production, impaired epithelial barrier function and induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IL-21 and IFN-γ. Inhibition of IL-6 by tocilizumab had no clinical benefit in this patient with intractable ulcerative colitis and even led to exacerbation of mucosal inflammation. Our findings suggest that anti-IL-6R antibody therapy may lead to aggravation of anti-TNF resistant ulcerative colitis. When targeting IL-6, the differential responsiveness of target cells has to be taken into account, as IL-6 on the one side promotes acute and chronic mucosal inflammation via soluble IL-6R signaling but on the other side also strongly contributes to epithelial cell survival via membrane bound IL-6R signaling.

Clinical Evidence that Coagulation Activation Drives Cancer Progression--a Report of 2 Cases.

BACKGROUND: Tissue factor (TF), the principal initiator of the extrinsic coagulation pathway, is expressed by many tumors and can be released into the bloodstream on plasma microparticles (MPs). Experimental studies indicate that TF may facilitate hematogenous metastasis by promoting tumor cell-induced microvascular thrombosis, but clinical data supporting this hypothesis is sparse. CASE REPORTS: Here, we report 2 unusual cases of rapidly progressive solid malignancies (gastric and urothelial carcinoma). In both patients, cancer cell dissemination with diffuse bone marrow involvement was either strongly suggested by leukoerythroblastic changes on peripheral blood smear or directly proven by positive findings on aspiration cytology. Furthermore, laboratory evidence of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) and disseminated intravascular coagulation was accompanied by new-onset severe pulmonary hypertension and a hemolytic uremic syndrome-like disorder in the gastric and the urothelial carcinoma patient, respectively. TF-specific procoagulant activity of isolated plasma MPs, as assessed by single-stage clotting assay, was dramatically increased in both patients compared to healthy controls (21- and 55-fold), and primary tumor samples stained strongly positive for TF by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION: TMA was likely caused by TF-triggered tumor cell embolization in both patients. Further clinical evidence is thus provided that TF directly links coagulation activation to cancer cell dissemination.

Confocal laser endomicroscopy for the differential diagnosis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIM: The differential diagnosis of ulcerative colitis from Crohn's disease is of pivotal importance for the management of inflammatory bowel diseases, as both entities involve specific therapeutic management strategies. Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) allows on-demand, in vivo characterization of architectural and cellular details during endoscopy. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of CLE to differentiate between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective study involving consecutive patients with a well-established diagnosis of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease who underwent colonoscopy with fluorescein-aided confocal imaging. RESULTS: Overall, 79 patients were included (40 Crohn's disease, 39 ulcerative colitis). CLE findings in patients with Crohn's disease, showed significantly more discontinuous inflammation (87.5 % vs. 5.1 %), focal cryptitis (75.0 % vs. 12.8 %), and discontinuous crypt architectural abnormality (87.5 % vs. 10.3 %) than in ulcerative colitis (P < 0.0001). Conversely, ulcerative colitis was associated with severe, widespread crypt distortion (87.2 % vs. 17.5 % in Crohn's disease), decreased crypt density (79.5 % vs. 22.5 %), and frankly irregular surface (89.7 % vs. 17.5 %; P < 0.0001 for all comparisons). Statistically significant differences were not seen for heavy, diffuse lamina propria cell increase or mucin preservation. No granulomas were visible. Based on these findings, a CLE scoring system was developed that revealed excellent accuracy (93.7 %) when compared with the historical clinical diagnosis and the histopathological gold standard. CONCLUSIONS: CLE could visualize several disease-specific microscopic features, which are conventionally used in standard histopathology to differentiate between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. However, because of the limited penetration depth of CLE, submucosal details or granulomas were not visible. The new scoring system may allow in vivo diagnosis of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT 02238665.

IL-9 and its receptor are predominantly involved in the pathogenesis of UC.

OBJECTIVE: Several pathogenic roles attributed over the past two decades to either T helper (Th)1 or Th2 cells are increasingly becoming associated with interleukin (IL)-17 and most recently IL-9 signalling. However, the implication of IL-9 in IBD has not been addressed so far. DESIGN: We investigated the expression of IL-9 and IL-9R by using peripheral blood, biopsies and surgical samples. We addressed the functional role of IL-9 signalling by analysis of downstream effector proteins. Using Caco-2 cell monolayers we followed the effect of IL-9 on wound healing. RESULTS: IL-9 mRNA expression was significantly increased in inflamed samples from patients with UC as compared with controls. CD3(+) T cells were major IL-9-expressing cells and some polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) also expressed IL-9. IL-9 was co-localised with the key Th9 transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 4 and PU.1. Systemically, IL-9 was abundantly produced by activated peripheral blood lymphocytes, whereas its receptor was overexpressed on gut resident and circulating PMN. IL-9 stimulation of the latter induced IL-8 production in a dose-dependent manner and rendered PMN resistant to apoptosis suggesting a functional role for IL-9R signalling in the propagation of gut inflammation. Furthermore, IL-9R was overexpressed on gut epithelial cells and IL-9 induced STAT5 activation in these cells. Moreover, IL-9 inhibited the growth of Caco-2 epithelial cell monolayers in wound healing experiments. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide evidence that IL-9 is predominantly involved in the pathogenesis of UC suggesting that targeting IL-9 might become a therapeutic option for patients with UC.

Long term follow up of through-the-scope balloon dilation as compared to strictureplasty and bowel resection of intestinal strictures in crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Ileo-colonic strictures are common complication of Crohn's disease (CD), and may result in repeated endoscopic or surgical therapy with a risk of further complications, such as perforation or short bowel syndrome. Strictures develop as a consequence of tissue remodelling and fibrosis due to chronic inflammation. This study compares the outcome of CD patients undergoing primarily endoscopic treatment with those undergoing surgery at an university hospital. METHODS: In this study we retrospectively included 88 CD patients with intestinal strictures (37 males, 51 females, mean age 40 years, range 19-65 years) of both our medical and our surgical department, who underwent either surgical or endoscopic therapy between January 2002 and January 2006 with prospective, controlled follow-up, extended till January 2010 (mean follow-up period: 5 years; range 4-8 years). The primary end-point was operation- and symptom-free time. Patients were primarily divided into four groups: only surgical therapy, only endoscopic therapy, endoscopy with subsequent surgery, and initial surgical therapy followed by endoscopic dilations. RESULTS: 53% of all patients remained surgery-free with mean follow-up of 49 months; a single endoscopic dilation was sufficient enough in 9 patients to achieve a surgery-free time of 51 months, other patients required up to 5 dilations. The average interval between first and second dilation was 6.5 months, between second and third 10.5 months. In the group of patients with only endoscopic therapy, surgery- and symptom-free time was shorter, as compared to the group of only surgical therapy. We found that stenoses in the surgical group with an average length of 6.5 cm were as expected longer, as compared to the endoscopic group (3 cm, ranging from 2-4 cm). The surgery-free time was 49 months (42-71 months, P = 0.723) with a symptom-free time of 12 months (4.5-46 months, P = 0.921). In the group of only surgically treated patients, 68.4% of the patients had only one stenosis, 18.4% had 2-3 stenoses and 13.2% more than 3 stenoses. In all patients the surgery- and symptoms- free time was 69 months (57-83 months, P = 0.850 and 0.908). The other two groups showed similar results. We found no significant effect of characteristic of stenosis (length, inflammation, the number of stenoses), injection of prednisolone, disease activity at the time of dilation and medication at the time of dilation on the long-term outcome. Importantly, the success of symptom free time correlated with the diameter of the balloon. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic dilation should be considered as a first-line therapy for short, accessible, fibrotic strictures. Careful patient selection and proper diagnostic imaging pre-procedure are essential requirements for safe and successful treatment. The balloon diameter seems to correlate positively with the long term outcome of dilation. However, at ever shorter intervals between endoscopic interventions, surgery should be discussed as an option for further treatment.

Confocal laser endomicroscopy for in vivo diagnosis of Clostridium difficile associated colitis - a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is one of the most dreaded causes of hospital-acquired diarrhea. Main objective was to investigate whether confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) has the capability for in vivo diagnosis of C. difficile associated histological changes. Second objective was to prove the presence of intramucosal bacteria using CLE. METHODS: 80 patients were prospectively included, 10 patients were diagnosed with CDI based on toxigenic culture. To validate the presence of intramucosal bacteria ex vivo, CLE was performed in pure C. difficile culture; additionally fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed. Finally, CLE with fluorescence labelled oligonucleotide probe specific for C. difficile was performed ex vivo in order to prove the presence of bacteria. RESULTS: CLE identified CDI-associated histological changes in vivo (sensitivity and accuracy of 88.9% and 96.3%). In addition, intramucosal bacteria were visualized. The presence of these bacteria could be proven by CLE with labeled, specific molecular C. difficile probe and FISH-technique. Based on comparison between CLE and FISH analyses, sensitivity and specificity for the presence of intramucosal bacteria were 100%. CONCLUSION: CLE has the potential for in vivo diagnosis of CDI associated colitis. In addition, CLE allowed the detection of intramucosal bacteria in vivo.