Ultrasound-An Easy Available and Useful Point-of-Care Adjunct for Clinical Decision-Making in Hand Infections: Review of the Literature and a Case Series.

ABSTRACT: Initial findings of hand infections warrant a thorough treatment strategy depending on the progress of the infection. The decision for surgical treatment can be unclear. Searching to improve the quality of diagnostics, we reviewed the literature regarding the use of point-of-care ultrasound (PCUS) in hand infections and analyzed patients undergoing decision-making with PCUS. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Register, and Google Scholar for the use of PCUS in therapy planning in infections of the hand. In addition, we screened our patients from July 1, 2020, to November 30, 2020, to validate the potential benefit of ultrasound examination in suspected hand infections. We evaluated initial clinical examinations versus blinded sonographic assessments in the context of correct decision to proceed with surgery or conservative treatment. Two thousand forty-eight studies within the topic were identified, but only 9 studies were found eligible to be included with a total of 88 patients. The studies illustrate that ultrasound can be performed on all patients, including children and pregnant women, and can be performed in a timely manner. In our retrospective analysis of 20 patients with suspected hand infection, the clinical and ultrasound assessment led to surgery in 13 cases. Of those 13 patients, 7 revealed intraoperative pus. By retrospective assessment of solely the ultrasound images, surgery would have been indicated in 9 cases, including all 7 cases with intraoperative pus. Clinical examination and ultrasound can help in detecting infections of the hand. Ultrasound examination, however, seems to yield a lower false-positive rate than clinical examination. Ultrasound could be a valuable addition to clinical examination.

Single incision thenar muscle reconstruction using the free functional pronator quadratus flap.

BACKGROUND: Injuries to the thenar muscle mass or the thenar branch of the median nerve and resulting loss of thumb opposition lead to a massive impairment of hand function. For decades, reconstructive approaches were based on tendon transfers. To broaden the reconstructive repertoire, we present the free functional pronator quadratus flap as a viable alternative for functional reconstruction and provide a specification for its indication. We demonstrate our surgical technique to a single incision reconstruction using the free functional pronator quadratus flap. Based on a series of three patients, which were analyzed for hand function using Kapandji's score and the angle of Bourrel, grip strength and nerve conduction velocity in a two year follow up, we present an indication algorithm. RESULTS: After successful reinnervation of all flaps, we found an improvement of Kapandji's score from 4.3 ± 0.94 preoperatively, to 8.7 ± 0.47 after two years. Accordingly, the angle of Bourrel decreased from 75.75 ± 3.45 degrees to 36.96 ± 3.68 degree. Grip strength also improved from 14 ± 2.2 kg to 26.2 ± 1.2 kg. No impairment of wrist pronation was observed. CONCLUSION: We found excellent functional recovery of thumb opposition and strength, showing similar or even superior results compared to results from tendon transfers. With the benefit of a single incision surgery and therefore minimal donor site morbidity, this free functional muscle transfer is a viable alternative to classic tendon transfers.

The lateral arm flap for reconstruction of tissue defects due to olecranon bursitis.

Wound healing problems following acute and chronic olecranon bursitis can result in problematic tissue defects around the elbow. These defects often require a regional flap or a free flap for durable tissue coverage. The aim of this study was to assess clinical outcome the lateral arm flap (LAF) used to cover tissue defects caused by chronic olecranon bursitis. Between 2011 and 2015, 13 patients with soft tissue defects of the elbow resulting from chronic bursitis olecrani were treated in an interdisciplinary approach. First sufficient debridement was performed in conjunction with the orthopedic surgeons. Then, using a defect specific algorithm, reconstruction followed using pedicled extended LAFs or reverse LAFs, with and without inclusion of triceps muscle tissue. Mean follow-up was 52.3 months (range 23-72 months). There were no complete flap losses. All flaps healed in nicely without major wound healing complications. No patient showed signs of recurrent infections during follow-up, and all patients were able to achieve full range of motion post-operatively. Depending on the size of the defect, the conditions of the surrounding tissues, involvement of the elbow joint or need for sensate tissue, reconstruction may require different approaches. In our opinion the LAF can be designed to address these demands.

The spreaded gracilis flap revisited: Comparing outcomes in lower limb reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: In lower limb reconstruction, the free gracilis muscle flap is usually chosen for coverage of small- to medium-sized defects. Aim of this study was a re-appraisal regarding the reconstructive indications of the gracilis muscle flap with a focus on postoperative complications in order to evaluate if it can also be routinely used to reconstruct large-size lower limb defects. METHODS: A total of 204 patients underwent free gracilis muscle transfers for lower limb reconstruction at our institution. Cases were divided according to the size of the defect into two groups (<150 cm2 versus ≥150 cm2 ). The small- to medium defect size group included 150 patients and the large defect size group included 54 patients. In the large defect size group, the muscle was enlarged as needed by careful dissection of the epimysium and all connective tissue surrounding the intrinsic vessels under loupe magnification to protect the muscle perfusion. Surgical complications were accounted for and the two groups compared accordingly. RESULTS: Overall, there were no significant differences between the two groups of patients regarding the rate of major (15.72% versus 10.91%; P = .506) and minor surgical complications (6.92% versus 3.64%; P = .522). The total percentage of flap losses in the small to medium defect size group was 5.03%. There were no total flap losses in the large defect size group (P = .117). CONCLUSION: The use of the spreaded gracilis flap provides a valuable option for the microsurgeon, especially also to reconstruct large size lower limb defects.

Extending the Limits of Microsurgical Reconstruction in Patients with Moderate to Very Severe Obesity: Single-Center 6-Year Experiences.

Background Worldwide obesity has more than doubled since 1980. Given this epidemic change, surgical and medical care has become more complex as obesity is a known risk factor for complications. Consequently, one could expect a higher prevalence of medical and surgical complications in an obese patient collective in the setting of free tissue transfer. Goal of this study was to evaluate whether this assumption holds true. Material and Methods Between January 2009 and June 2015, 838 patients underwent free tissue transfers at a single institution. The cases were divided into three groups using the World Health Organization body mass index (BMI) criteria into a nonobese (n = 751), a moderately obese (n = 59), and a severely to very severely obese group (n = 28). The series was retrospectively analyzed and the groups were compared regarding the potential influence of BMI in respect to surgical complications and outcomes. Results Overall, there was no significant difference in morbidity between the groups of patients regarding the rate of surgical complications during our 3-month follow-up period. Conclusion This study analyzed a large series of microsurgical reconstructions, with a focus on the impact of patient obesity on outcomes. Our findings suggest that despite higher rates of patient comorbidities, successful free tissue transfer can be achieved in this population with acceptable risk for complications.