Public and media interest in bed bugs-Europe 2023.

In late summer of 2023 bed bug (Cimex lectularius) infestations received much media attention especially from Paris Fashion Week (2023-09-25/2023-10-03). Concern in France has grown in recent years and the public may have been sensitised from the recent release of the report Les punaises de lit: impacts, prévention et lutte from the Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire. Additionally, families returning from summer travel for the start of the school year (2023-09-04) may have brought Cimex spp. with them. A belief, typically false, that they are associated with poor housekeeping and the commercial sensitivity of infestations makes quantitative data on the occurrence and frequency of the insects difficult to find. Often it was based on the number of consultations with physicians and enquiries about bed bugs. Our study has used Google search frequency (Google Trends) to assess the growth and spread of public interest. It found that concern over the Paris outbreak spread to neighbouring countries and was an inverse function of distance. Health issues are a popular topic in science journalism and articles with bad news, threat, continuity and geographic proximity helped generate considerable media activity such that the public perceptions of the problem were enhanced and suggests that government agencies need to collect well standardised data on bed bug occurrence. Google Trends proved a sensitive tool to follow the public concern over an insect that invokes considerable dread.

Incidence and Risk Factors of Pneumonia in Individuals With Acute Spinal Cord Injury: A Multi-national, Multi-center, Prospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the occurrence of pneumonia in individuals with acute spinal cord injury (SCI) and identify its key predictors. DESIGN: Multi-centric, longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: 10 specialized SCI rehabilitation units in Europe and Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Eligible were 902 men and women with acute SCI, aged 18 years or older, with cervical or thoracic lesions and not dependent on 24-hour mechanical ventilation; 503 participated in the study (N=503). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We assessed demographics and lesion related parameters at study entry, and any pneumonia events throughout inpatient rehabilitation. Respiratory function, decubitus, and urinary tract infections were assessed at 1, 3, and 6 months post injury as well as at discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. Time to event (pneumonia) analyses were done using the Kaplan-Meier method, and potential predictors for pneumonia were analyzed with multivariable survival models. RESULTS: Five hundred three patients with SCI were included, with 70 experiencing at least 1 pneumonia event. 11 participants experienced 2 or more events during inpatient rehabilitation. Most events occurred very early after injury, with a median of 6 days. Pneumonia risk was associated with tetraplegia (hazard ratio [HR]=1.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-3.17) and traumatic etiology (HR=3.75; 95% CI 1.30-10.8) American Spinal Injury Impairment Scale (AIS) A (HR=5.30; 95% CI 2.28-12.31), B (HR=4.38; 95% CI 1.77-10.83), or C (HR=4.09; 95% CI 1.71-9.81) lesions. For every 10 cmH2O increase in inspiratory muscle strength, pneumonia risk was reduced by 13% (HR=0.87; 95% CI 0.78-0.97). CONCLUSION: Pneumonia is a major complication after SCI with the highest incidence very early after injury. Individuals with traumatic or AIS A, B, or C tetraplegia are at highest risk for pneumonia.

Burden of Cardiovascular Risk in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury and Its Association With Rehabilitation Outcomes: Results From the Swiss Spinal Cord Injury Cohort.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the study are to determine the cardiovascular risk burden rehabilitation discharge and to explore the association between recovery during rehabilitation and cardiovascular disease risk profile. METHODS: We included adults without cardiovascular disease admitted for rehabilitation. We evaluated rehabilitation outcomes on admission and discharge. Cardiovascular disease risk profile was assessed by Framingham risk score, high-density lipoprotein, and fasting glucose level. RESULTS: We analyzed data from 706 participants (69.6% men) with a median age of 53.5 yrs. The median time since injury was 14 days, and the admission length was 5.2 months. Majority had paraplegia (53.3%) and motor incomplete injury (53.7%). One third of the cohort had high cardiovascular risk profile before discharge. At discharge, poorer anthropometric measures were associated with higher Framingham risk score and lower high-density lipoprotein levels. Individuals with higher forced vital capacity (>2.72 l) and peak expiratory flow (>3.4 l/min) had 0.16 mmol/l and 0.14 mmol/l higher high-density lipoprotein compared with those with lower respiratory function, respectively. Individuals with higher mobility score (>12.5) and functional independence score (>74) had 0.21 and 0.18 mmol/l higher high-density lipoprotein compared with those with lower scores. CONCLUSIONS: There is high cardiometabolic syndrome burden and cardiovascular disease risk profile upon rehabilitation discharge. Higher respiratory function, mobility, and overall independence were associated with better cardiovascular disease risk profile, although with study design limitations and short follow-up. Future studies should explore whether rehabilitation outcomes could be used to prioritize screening. TO CLAIM CME CREDITS: Complete the self-assessment activity and evaluation online at http://www.physiatry.org/JournalCME. CME OBJECTIVES: Upon reading this journal article, the reader is expected to: (1) Determine the burden of cardiometabolic disease in the early phase of spinal cord injury (SCI); (2) Differentiate the proposed SCI cutoff for high-risk obesity from the able-bodied population; and (3) Increase physicians' acuity for detecting cardiometabolic disease in their practice. LEVEL: Advanced. ACCREDITATION: The Association of Academic Physiatrists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.The Association of Academic Physiatrists designates this Journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s) ™. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

Safety and Feasibility of Noninvasive Electromagnetic Stimulation of the Phrenic Nerves.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical ventilation is widely used in ICU patients as a lifesaving intervention. Diaphragmatic atrophy and thinning occur from lack of contractions of the diaphragm during mechanical ventilation. It may prolong weaning and increase the risk of respiratory complications. Noninvasive electromagnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves may ameliorate the atrophy seen with ventilation. The objective of this study was to show that noninvasive repetitive electromagnetic stimulation is safe, feasible, and effective to stimulate the phrenic nerves in both awake individuals and anesthetized patients. METHODS: A single-center study with 10 subjects overall, 5 awake volunteers and 5 anesthetized subjects. We used a prototype electromagnetic, noninvasive, simultaneous bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation device in both groups. In the awake volunteers, we assessed time-to-first capture of the phrenic nerves and safety measures, such as pain, discomfort, dental paresthesia, and skin irritation. In the anesthetized subjects, time-to-first capture as well as tidal volumes and airway pressures at 20%, 30%, and 40% stimulation intensity were assessed. RESULTS: Diaphragmatic capture was achieved in all the subjects within a median (range) of 1 min (1 min to 9 min 21 s) for the awake subjects and 30 s (20 s to 1 min 15 s) for the anesthetized subjects. There were no adverse or severe adverse events in either group, nor any dental paresthesia, skin irritation, or subjective pain in the stimulated area. Tidal volumes increased in all the subjects in response to simultaneous bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation and increased gradually with increasing stimulation intensity. Airway pressures corresponded to spontaneous breathing of ∼2 cm H2O. CONCLUSIONS: Noninvasive phrenic nerve stimulation can be safely performed in awake and anesthetized individuals. It was feasible and effective in stimulating the diaphragm by induction of physiologic and scalable tidal volumes with minimum positive airway pressures.

The risk of malnutrition in patients with spinal cord injury during inpatient rehabilitation-A longitudinal cohort study.

Background and aim: Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) show an increased risk of malnutrition. Studies found that about 50% of patients with a recent SCI are affected by malnutrition when they enter a rehabilitation institution. However, there is a lack of data during the course and at discharge of initial rehabilitation as well as missing knowledge about the factors promoting such a risk. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of malnutrition in individuals with SCI 3 months post injury and at the end of inpatient rehabilitation and to identify factors associated with a high risk of malnutrition. Methods: Retrospective, monocentric, longitudinal cohort study, using the data set of the Swiss Spinal Cord Injury Cohort Study and additional data from the patients' medical records. Individuals with SCI were assessed for the risk of malnutrition using the Spinal Nutrition Screening Tool 3 months post injury and at discharge from initial inpatient rehabilitation. Odds ratios (OR) for potential risk parameters were calculated. Results: Of the 252 participants included, 62% were at risk for malnutrition 3 months post injury and 40% at discharge (p = 0.000). Moderate to high risk of malnutrition was found regardless of age and BMI. The highest odds for an increased risk at 3 months post injury was identified in ventilator-dependent persons (OR 10.2). At discharge from inpatient rehabilitation, pressure injury (OR 16.3) was the most prominent risk factor. Conclusion: In the population with SCI the risk of malnutrition is widespread during inpatient rehabilitation, but also at discharge. Ventilated persons and persons with pressure injuries are clear risk groups and need special attention. Based on these findings and the known negative impact of malnutrition on clinical outcomes, the awareness of malnutrition should be increased in the population with SCI. Therefore, a regular and standardized screening of the malnutrition risk is highly recommended.

Management of sleep-disordered breathing in three spinal cord injury rehabilitation centres around the world: a mixed-methods study.

STUDY DESIGN: Mixed-methods observational study. OBJECTIVE: To describe the sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) management models of three spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation centres that are screening, diagnosing and treating uncomplicated SDB, and to determine their common elements. SETTING: Three specialist SCI rehabilitation centres. METHODS: Data collection at each site included direct observations and interviews with lead clinical staff and an audit of SDB-related clinical practice in 2019. Detailed descriptions of the models of care, including process maps, were developed. A theory-based analysis of the common elements of the three care models was undertaken. RESULTS: At each centre a multidisciplinary team, consisting of medical, allied health and/or nursing staff, provided a comprehensive SDB management service that included screening, diagnosis and treatment. Inpatients with SCI were assessed for SDB with overnight oximetry and/or polygraphy. Further assessment of patient symptoms, respiratory function, and hypercapnia supported the diagnostic process. Treatment with positive airway pressure was initiated on the ward. Having a collaborative, skilled team with strong leadership and adequate resources were the key, common enablers to providing the service. CONCLUSION: It is feasible for multi-disciplinary SCI rehabilitation teams to independently diagnose and treat uncomplicated SDB without referral to specialist sleep services provided they are adequately resourced with equipment and skilled staff. Similar models of care could substantially improve access to SDB treatment for people with SCI. Further research is required to determine the non-inferiority of these alternatives to specialist care.

Needs and Research Priorities for Young People with Spinal Cord Lesion or Spina Bifida and Their Caregivers: A National Survey in Switzerland within the PEPSCI Collaboration.

The aim of this study was to describe the needs and research priorities of Swiss children/adolescents and young adults (from here, "young people") with spinal cord injury/disorder (SCI/D) or spina bifida (SB) and their parents in the health and life domains as part of the international Pan-European Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury (PEPSCI) collaboration. Surveys included queries about the satisfaction, importance, research priorities, quality of life (QoL), and characteristics of the young people. Fifty-three surveys with corresponding parent-proxy reports were collected between April and November 2019. The self-report QoL sum scores from young people with SCI/D and SB were 77% and 73%, respectively. Parent-proxy report QoL sum scores were lower, with 70% scores for parents of young people with SCI/D and 64% scores for parents of young people with SB. "Having fun", "relation to family members", and "physical functioning" were found to be highly important for all young people. "Physical functioning", "prevention of pressure injuries", "general health", and "bowel management" received the highest scores for research priority in at least one of the subgroups. As parents tend to underestimate the QoL of their children and young people prioritized research topics differently, both young peoples' and caregivers' perspectives should be included in the selection of research topics.

Perceived sleep problems after spinal cord injury: Results from a community-based survey in Switzerland.

Objective: To investigate the burden of sleep problems within the Spinal Cord injured (SCI) community with respect to the general population (GP) in Switzerland. The study further explored potential predictors for receiving treatment for sleep problems after SCI.Design: Cross-sectional study.Setting: SCI community in Switzerland.Participants: Individuals diagnosed with an SCI, aged 16 years or older that permanently reside in Switzerland (N = 1549).Interventions: Not applicable.Outcome measures: Perceived sleep problems within the SCI community and GP. For those with sleep problems and SCI, an indicator for having received treatment was measured.Results: 58.8% of survey participants indicated having a sleep problem; 69.4% of those with a sleep problem did not indicate receiving treatment. Amongst people living with an SCI, individuals between the ages of 46-60 years (adjusted Odds Ratio, OR = 3.07; 95% CI 1.54-6.16), participants reporting severe financial hardship (OR = 2.90; 95% CI) 1.69-4.96, and those that indicated having pain (OR = 5.62; 95% CI 3.52-8.98) were more likely to have a chronic sleep problem. In comparison to the Swiss GP, the prevalence of having a sleep problem was 18% higher among persons with SCI, with the largest discrepancy for males with paraplegia between the ages of 46-60 years (Prevalence ratio, PR = 1.28; 95% CI, 1.21-1.36).Conclusion: Individuals with SCI experience more sleep problems compared to the Swiss GP. Findings from this study suggest that clinical screening for sleep issues targeting high risk groups is needed to reduce the large prevalence of non-treatment in individuals with SCI.

Systematic Review of Incidence Studies of Pneumonia in Persons with Spinal Cord Injury.

Pneumonia continues to complicate the course of spinal cord injury (SCI). Currently, clinicians and policy-makers are faced with only limited numbers of pneumonia incidence in the literature. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to provide an objective synthesis of the evidence about the incidence of pneumonia in persons with SCI. Incidence was calculated per 100 person-days, and meta-regression was used to evaluate the influence of the clinical setting, the level of injury, the use of mechanical ventilation, the presence of tracheostomy, and dysphagia. For the meta-regression we included 19 studies. The incidence ranged from 0.03 to 7.21 patients with pneumonia per 100 days. The main finding of this review is that we found large heterogeneity in the reporting of the incidence, and we therefore should be cautious with interpreting the results. In the multivariable meta-regression, the incidence rate ratios showed very wide confidence intervals, which does not allow a clear conclusion concerning the risk of pneumonia in the different stages after a SCI. Large longitudinal studies with a standardized reporting on risk factors, pneumonia, and detailed time under observation are needed. Nevertheless, this review showed that pneumonia is still a clinically relevant complication and pneumonia prevention should focus on the ICU setting and patients with complete tetraplegia.

Respiratory function and respiratory complications in spinal cord injury: protocol for a prospective, multicentre cohort study in high-income countries.

INTRODUCTION: Pneumonia is one of the leading complications and causes of death after a spinal cord injury (SCI). After a cervical or thoracic lesion, impairment of the respiratory muscles decreases respiratory function, which increases the risk of respiratory complications. Pneumonia substantially reduces patient's quality of life, may prolong inpatient rehabilitation time, increase healthcare costs or at worse, lead to early death. Respiratory function and coughing can be improved through various interventions after SCI, but the available evidence as to which aspect of respiratory care should be optimised is inconclusive. Furthermore, ability of respiratory function parameters to predict pneumonia risk is insufficiently established. This paper details the protocol for a large-scale, multicentre research project that aims to evaluate the ability of parameters of respiratory function to predict and understand variation in inpatient risk of pneumonia in SCI. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: RESCOM, a prospective cohort study, began recruitment in October 2016 across 10 SCI rehabilitation centres from Australia, Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland. Inpatients with acute SCI, with complete or incomplete cervical or thoracic lesions, 18 years or older and not/no more dependent on 24-hour mechanical ventilation within the first 3 months after injury are eligible for inclusion. The target sample size is 500 participants. The primary outcome is an occurrence of pneumonia; secondary outcomes include pneumonia-related mortality and quality of life. We will use the longitudinal data for prognostic models on inpatient pneumonia risk factors. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study has been reviewed and approved by all local ethics committees of all participating centres. Study results will be disseminated to the scientific community through peer-reviewed journals and conference presentations, to the SCI community, other stakeholders and via social media, newsletters and engagement activities. TRIAL REGISTRATION DETAILS: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02891096.

Examinations and assessments in patients with a newly acquired spinal cord injury - retrospective chart analysis as part of a quality improvement project.

AIMS OF THE STUDY: Examinations and assessments can be used to ensure good quality rehabilitation. Within the framework of a quality improvement project, the aims of the current analysis were: first, to analyse the time points of selected examinations and assessments in the rehabilitation process of patients with a newly acquired spinal cord injury. Second, to identify differences between the subgroups with different aetiologies, levels and completeness of spinal cord injuries. And third, to compare the examinations and assessments performed with the guideline recommendations and to use discrepancies as a starting point for a quality improvement project. METHODS: In this retrospective chart analysis, adult patients with a newly acquired spinal cord injury who were admitted to a single specialised acute care and rehabilitation clinic for their first rehabilitation between December 2013 and December 2014 were included and assessed until discharge. The main objective was to assess the time to examinations or assessments after injury or hospital admission in comparison to the respective recommendations. Analyses were done using time-to-event analysis and represented graphically using Kaplan-Meier plots. RESULTS: Of the 105 patients included in this study (median age 58 years, 29% female), 61% had a traumatic and 39% a non-traumatic spinal cord injury; 39% were paraplegic and 61% were quadriplegic; and 59% had a motor complete and 41% a sensor-motor incomplete spinal cord injury. The percentage of patients for whom the respective assessment or examination was performed and the percentage of these patients for whom it performed within the recommended time were: 90% and 71% for magnetic resonance imaging; 85% and 90% for computed tomography; 87% and 79% for the manual muscle test; 95% and 59% for the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord (ISNCSCI); 84% and 50% for electrophysiological assessment; 73% and 90% for urodynamic testing; and 49% and 53% for lung function testing. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest a relevant gap between recommendations and clinical routine for time to some assessments after spinal cord injury. Within the framework of a quality improvement project, the next steps should be to build a national and international consensus on specific time frames for examinations and assessments in patients with a newly acquired spinal cord injury and thereafter, to develop an institutional implementation strategy.    .

Development and validation of models to predict respiratory function in persons with long-term spinal cord injury.

STUDY DESIGN: Multicenter, cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVES: To validate previously developed respiratory function prediction models for persons with long-term spinal cord injury (SCI) and if necessary develop and validate new models. SETTING: Ten SCI rehabilitation centers. METHODS: Five respiratory function parameters were measured in adults with chronic, traumatic, motor complete SCI (C4-T12). First, the models published in 2012 were validated using Bland-Altman plots. Then, new models were calculated using 80% of the dataset by multiple regression analysis with the candidate predictors gender, age, height, weight, time post injury (TPI), lesion level, and smoking. In a third step, the new models were validated using the other 20% of the dataset by Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: In total 613 participants were included. For persons with long-term SCI, the 2012 models were poorly predictive, especially for respiratory muscle strength (R2 = 0.4). Significant predictors for all respiratory function parameters in the new models (R2 = 0.7-0.8) were lesion level, gender and weight. Small effects on single outcome parameters were observed for TPI and age whereas smoking had no effect. For the new models the mean differences between measured and predicted values for respiratory muscle strength were 4.0 ± 36.0 cm H2O and for lung function parameters -0.5 ± 1.2 L (FVC), -0.3 ± 0.9 L (FEV1) and -0.5 ± 2.0 L/s (PEF). CONCLUSION: We did not find better models for lung function in long-term SCI but those for respiratory muscle strength showed better accuracy. SPONSORSHIP: The content of this publication was developed under grant from Wings for Life, grant number WFL-CH-017/14.

Respiratory muscle training in individuals with spinal cord injury: effect of training intensity and -volume on improvements in respiratory muscle strength.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of training intensity and -volume on improvements in respiratory muscle strength in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: SCI rehabilitation center in Switzerland. METHODS: Inpatients with SCI, lesion level C4-T12, who had at least 10 individualized inspiratory muscle training sessions with respiratory function measurements before and after the training period. Multiple regression analysis with natural logarithmic (ln) transformation of the outcome values was used to examine the effect of training intensity and -volume, lesion level and completeness, and baseline respiratory muscle strength on improvements in respiratory muscle strength. RESULTS: Overall, 67 individuals were analyzed. Variation in PImax was explained by PImax at baseline and training intensity. This adjusted effect size suggested a 7% (95% CI 2.8 to 11.6%) increase in PImax per 10 units of increase in training intensity. Controlling for the variation in baseline PEmax, the effect of training intensity on PEmax was conditional on AIS (p < 0.021). While individuals with motor complete lesions showed a 6.8% (95% CI 2.1 to 11.7%) increase in PEmax per 10 units of increase in training intensity, the corresponding adjusted effect size in those with motor incomplete lesions was 0.1% (95% CI -4.3 to 4.5%). The full models explained 57 and 60% of the variance of lnPImax and lnPEmax, respectively. CONCLUSION: The intensity of inspiratory muscle training was more relevant than training volume for the improvement of respiratory muscle strength in individuals with SCI. Thus, training intensity should be chosen as high as possible.

Experiences of peer counselling during inpatient rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injuries.

Study design: Qualitative study. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate peer counselling during inpatient rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injuries (SCI). This article describes the experience with peer counselling from the perspective of patients with SCI as well as from the perspective of the peer counsellors. Setting: Inpatient rehabilitation of SCI in the Swiss Paraplegic Centre. Methods: Six interviews with patients and one focus group interview with professional peer counsellors have been evaluated using qualitative content analysis. Results: Patients experienced the peer counselling sessions as solution-oriented, practical, motivating and especially appreciated the authentic, open demeanor of the peer counsellors. Conversations about recreational activities, hobbies and interests supported the development of interpersonal relationships. Peer counsellors experienced the initial visits with patients with high level quadriplegia as a special challenge. The regular presence of all peer counsellors in the hospital facilitated an easier exchange with the patients. Conclusion: Patients feel empowered by peer counselling. Special attention should be placed on the timing of the initial visit. Unplanned meetings between patient and peers seem to be essential and highly valued. Peer counsellors are confronted with stressful situations in their work, therefore the need for support and training of peer counsellors should be further investigated.

Evaluation of a clinical implementation of a respiratory muscle training group during spinal cord injury rehabilitation.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical implementation of a respiratory muscle training group during rehabilitation of individuals with spinal cord injury. SETTING: Spinal cord injury rehabilitation center. METHODS: Individuals with complete or incomplete lesions during inpatient rehabilitation, level C4-T12.Ten or more training sessions of either an inspiratory or a combined in- and expiratory muscle training were performed in a group setting with respiratory function measurements before and after the training period. RESULTS: Analysis of 79 persons. Inspiratory muscle training was performed for 7 weeks with a median of 3.1 training sessions per week. Median training intensity was at 33% of baseline PImax and 58 repetitions were performed per training session. Respiratory mucle strength parameters improved by 18-68% of baseline values and lung function parameters by 11-31% after inspiratory muscle training.The combined respiratory muscle training was performed for 13 weeks with a median of 2.8 sessions per week and 88 repetitions per training session. Median inspiratory training resistance was at 39% of baseline PImax and median expiratory training resistance was at 27% of baseline PEmax. Respiratory muscle strength parameters improved by 14-51% of baseline values and lung function parameters improved by 15-34% after the combined in- and expiratory muscle training. CONCLUSION: Respiratory resistance training improved respiratory function of individuals with acute spinal cord injury. Even if the combined respiratory muscle training was performed with more repetitions per training and nearly twice as long, relative improvements of respiratory function parameters were comparable with isolated inspiratory muscle training.

Biophysical skin properties of grade 1 pressure ulcers and unaffected skin in spinal cord injured and able-bodied persons in the unloaded sacral region.

AIM OF THE STUDY: To examine biophysical skin properties in the sacral region in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients suffering from a grade 1 pressure ulcer (PU) defined as non-blanchable erythema (SCI/PU), SCI patients in the post-acute phase (SCI/PA) and able-bodied participants (CON). Also, for SCI/PU patients, both the affected skin and healthy skin close to the PU were examined. STUDY DESIGN: An experimental controlled study with a convenience sample. SETTING: A Swiss acute care and rehabilitation clinic specializing in SCIs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We determined hydration, redness, elasticity and perfusion of the unloaded skin in the sacral region of 6 SCI/PU patients (affected and healthy skin), 20 SCI/PA patients and 10 able-bodied controls. These measures were made by two trained examiners after the patients were lying in the supine position. RESULTS: The affected skin of SCI/PU patients showed elevated redness: median 595.5 arbitrary units (AU) (quartiles 440.4; 631.6) and perfusion: 263.0 AU (104.1; 659.4), both significantly increased compared to the healthy skin in SCI/PA patients and CON (p < 0.001). Similarly, healthy skin of SCI/PA patients showed elevated redness (p = 0.016) and perfusion (p < 0.001) compared to CON. On the other hand, differences in redness and perfusion between the affected and unaffected skin in SCI/PU patients were not significant. The results for skin hydration and skin elasticity were similar in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Skin perfusion and redness were significantly increased in grade 1 PUs and for healthy skin in both SCI/PA patients and CON participants; thus, these are important in understanding the pathophysiology of PUs and skin in SCI.

Maximum Inspiratory Pressure is a Discriminator of Pneumonia in Individuals With Spinal-Cord Injury.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory complications remain a major cause of mortality among individuals with spinal-cord injury (SCI). The present study investigated whether respiratory function is a discriminator of pneumonia in individuals with SCI and is aimed to determine the best predictive parameter. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study. Individuals with traumatic SCI, level C3 to T12, complete and incomplete lesions, were included. Data on respiratory function were extracted from medical records. The receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated for each parameter (forced vital capacity, FEV1, peak expiratory flow, and maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressure [PImax and PEmax]) to determine the discriminator with the largest area under the curve between individuals with and without pneumonia. RESULTS: Data of 307 subjects were analyzed. PImax was identified as the best discriminator between individuals with and without pneumonia, both in motor complete (area under the curve 0.86, 95% CI 0.78-0.93, P < .001) and incomplete individuals (area under the curve 1.0, 95% CI 1.00-1.00, P < .001). In individuals with motor complete lesions, the threshold value for PImax was 115% of the lesion-specific reference value (sensitivity 74.4%, specificity 83.4%). In motor incomplete individuals, the PImax threshold value was 93.5 cm H2O (sensitivity 100%, specificity 100%). CONCLUSIONS: PImax is the best discriminator between spinal cord-injured individuals with versus those without pneumonia. Individuals with a PImax below threshold values are at risk of pneumonia.

Challenges to measure hydration, redness, elasticity and perfusion in the unloaded sacral region of healthy persons after supine position.

AIM OF THE STUDY: To combine measurement methods of biophysical skin properties in a clinical setting and to measure baseline values in the unloaded sacral region of healthy persons after lying 30 min in supine position. METHODS: Hydration (Corneometer® CM 825), redness (Mexameter® MX 18), elasticity (Cutometer® MPA 580) and perfusion (PeriFlux System 5000) of the skin in the sacral region of 10 healthy participants (median age: 26.9 years) were measured consecutively in the laying position by two trained examiners. RESULTS: The assessment duration for all four parameters lasted about 15 min. Intra-class correlation coefficients were overall moderate to strong (hydration r = 0.594, redness r = 0.817, elasticity r = 0.719, perfusion r = 0.591). Hydration (median 27.7 arbitrary units (AU)) mainly indicated dry skin conditions. Redness (median 158.5 AU) was low. Elasticity (median 0.880 AU) showed similar values as in the neck region. Perfusion (median 17.1 AU) showed values in the range of results reported in the literature. CONCLUSION: Biophysical skin properties in the sacral region after supine position can be measured within periods of 15 min. The results provide baseline data for the skin of healthy persons as well as insights into skin-physiological variations. But it remains challenging to optimize measurement procedures and test protocols when transferring preclinical tests in a clinical application.

Laboratory evaluation of four different devices for secretion mobilization: Acapella choice, green and blue versus water bottle.

BACKGROUND: Secretion removal is a key issue in patients with respiratory diseases, and is known to be most effective at vibration frequencies of ∼ 13 Hz and with the greatest amplitudes possible. The Acapella devices and the water bottle are used for secretion removal in daily clinical practice but without detailed knowledge on optimal settings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the 3 different Acapella devices and the water bottle at various settings and flows to determine the optimal devices and settings for effective secretion removal. METHODS: Three different Acapella devices were tested at flows of 6, 12, 20, 30, 40, and 50 L/min, and at all 5 settings. The water bottle was filled with 5, 10, or 15 cm of water, and tested at flows of 3, 6, 10, 12, and 20 L/min. For all devices and combinations of settings, we measured the frequency and amplitude of the vibrations, as well as the required pressure to generate vibrations. RESULTS: Setting 4 was the best for all 3 Acapella devices, and the filling height of the water bottle should be 5 cm. At these settings, all devices elicited vibration frequencies between 12 and 15 Hz, which is theoretically optimal for secretion mobilization. The resistance pressures of the devices to elicit these vibrations were between 5 and 11 cm H2O. However, the Acapella devices elicit higher vibration amplitudes (5-8 cm H2O) than the water bottle (1.8 cm H2O) CONCLUSIONS:: Setting 4 was optimal for all 3 Acapella devices. The Acapella devices may be more efficient for secretion mobilization than the water bottle, because they elicit greater amplitude of vibrations.

Comparison of respiratory muscle training methods in individuals with motor and sensory complete tetraplegia: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of inspiratory resistance training and isocapnic hyperpnoea vs incentive spirometry (placebo) on respiratory function, voice, thorax mobility and quality of life in individuals with tetraplegia. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. PATIENTS/METHODS: A total of 24 individuals with traumatic, complete tetraplegia (C5-C8, American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale; AIS A) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups. They completed 32 supervised training sessions over a period of 8 weeks. Before and after the training period, the following tests were performed: body plethysmography, inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength, subjective breathing parameters using a visual analogue scale, voice measurements, thorax mobility and quality of life. Cohen's effect sizes and Kruskal-Wallis tests for differences between pre- and post-training values were calculated. RESULTS: Compared with placebo training, inspiratory resistance training showed high effect sizes for inspiratory muscle strength (d = 1.13), the subjective ability "to blow one's nose" (d = 0.97) and the physical component of quality of life (d = 0.82). Isocapnic hyperpnoea compared with placebo showed a high effect size for breathlessness during exercise (d = 0.81). We found a significant effect of inspiratory resistance training vs placebo (p = 0.016) and vs isocapnic hyperpnoea (p = 0.012) for inspiratory muscle strength. CONCLUSION: In individuals with motor and sensory complete tetraplegia during the first year post-injury, inspiratory resistance training is more advantageous than isocapnic hyperpnoea, performed 4 times a week for 10 min.