The role of machine learning algorithms in detection of gestational diabetes; a narrative review of current evidence.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) poses significant health risks to mothers and infants. Early prediction and effective management are crucial to improving outcomes. Machine learning techniques have emerged as powerful tools for GDM prediction. This review compiles and analyses the available studies to highlight key findings and trends in the application of machine learning for GDM prediction. A comprehensive search of relevant studies published between 2000 and September 2023 was conducted. Fourteen studies were selected based on their focus on machine learning for GDM prediction. These studies were subjected to rigorous analysis to identify common themes and trends. The review revealed several key themes. Models capable of predicting GDM risk during the early stages of pregnancy were identified from the studies reviewed. Several studies underscored the necessity of tailoring predictive models to specific populations and demographic groups. These findings highlighted the limitations of uniform guidelines for diverse populations. Moreover, studies emphasised the value of integrating clinical data into GDM prediction models. This integration improved the treatment and care delivery for individuals diagnosed with GDM. While different machine learning models showed promise, selecting and weighing variables remains complex. The reviewed studies offer valuable insights into the complexities and potential solutions in GDM prediction using machine learning. The pursuit of accurate, early prediction models, the consideration of diverse populations, clinical data, and emerging data sources underscore the commitment of researchers to improve healthcare outcomes for pregnant individuals at risk of GDM.

Management of traumatic brain injury in Africa: challenges and opportunities.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health concern globally, with significant implications for morbidity, mortality, and long-term disability. While extensive research has been conducted on TBI management in high-income countries, limited attention has been given to the specific challenges and opportunities faced by healthcare systems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This perspective study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of TBI management in SSA, focusing on the unique challenges and potential opportunities for improvement. The findings highlight several key challenges faced by SSA healthcare systems in managing TBIs, including limited resources, inadequate infrastructure, and a shortage of trained healthcare professionals. Furthermore, social and cultural factors, such as ignorance of driving laws, financial constraints, and limited access to modern technology services. However, the study also identifies potential opportunities for improving TBI management in SSA. These include strengthening healthcare infrastructure, enhancing pre-hospital care and transportation systems, and increasing public awareness and education about TBI. This perspective study emphasizes the urgent need for tailored interventions and strategies to address the unique challenges faced by SSA in managing TBIs. Addressing the challenges and opportunities in brain injury management in SSA requires a comprehensive approach which can be through investing in health infrastructure, addressing socio-economic inequalities, implementing prevention strategies, and fostering evidence-based research collaboration. Through this, the region can significantly improve TBI care and outcomes, thereby improving the well-being of people affected by TBI in SSA.

Sleep patterns and quality among Nigerian medical students: A cross-sectional study.

Adequate sleep is crucial for individuals' well-being and cognitive functioning. However, medical students face unique challenges that disrupt their sleep patterns, such as a rigorous curriculum, long study hours, and high-stress levels. Understanding the sleep patterns and quality among medical students in Nigeria is important to develop targeted interventions and support their overall well-being. This study involved 802 medical students from 3 medical schools in Southwest Nigeria. Participants completed an online questionnaire that collected data on their demographic characteristics, sleep patterns and self-reported sleep quality. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were used to analyze the data and identify patterns and associations. Most participants were female (56.9%), with the highest representation from the UNILORIN (65.5%). The average reported sleep duration was 5.74 hours per night, indicating insufficient sleep. Irregular bedtimes and wake-up times were commonly reported. A significant proportion of students consumed coffee late at night (27.1%) and used medication to induce sleep (24.3%). Sleep patterns and behaviors, such as snoring (36.1%) and nocturnal eating (57.6%), were reported. Overall, participants reported satisfactory (28.3%) or poor (29.7%) sleep quality. Correlation analysis revealed significant associations between sleep patterns, sleep quality, academic performance, and other sleep-related factors. The study identified insufficient sleep duration, irregular bedtimes, late-night coffee consumption, and poor sleep quality. These findings emphasize the need for interventions and strategies to promote healthy sleep habits among medical students, which can positively impact their overall health and academic performance.

Exploring strategies for building a sustainable healthcare system in Africa: lessons from Japan and Switzerland.

Strengthening healthcare infrastructure is an important strategy for building a sustainable healthcare system in Africa. This involves investing in facilities, equipment, and supplies, as well as training and retaining skilled healthcare workers. Additionally, improving healthcare infrastructure and investing in healthcare education and training can lead to significant improvements in health outcomes, such as reducing maternal and child mortality. This is critical for building a sustainable healthcare system. Through a literature review, we assessed the approaches to building a sustainable healthcare system in Africa from the perspectives of Japan's and Switzerland's healthcare systems. It was discovered that Japan currently has the highest life expectancy, which can be attributed to insurance policies, healthcare policies, and the integration of emerging technologies and clinical research into their healthcare system. Lessons that Africa must emulate from the Japanese healthcare system include ensuring universal healthcare coverage, improving the workforce, improving primary healthcare, prioritizing the aging population, and investing in technology, infrastructure, and research. Japans healthcare system is also sustainable thanks to its stable workforce and primary healthcare. Switzerland also has an exceptional healthcare system globally, with technical and socioeconomic advancements leading to increased life expectancy and population aging through a worldwide health policy approach, programs tackling professional responsibilities and interprofessional cooperation, and initiatives to support family medicine. By learning from Japan's and Switzerland's approaches, Africa will gradually achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and build a sustainable healthcare system.

Parkinson's disease: Are gut microbes involved?

INTRODUCTION: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects more than 10 million individuals worldwide. It is characterized by motor and sensory deficits. Research studies have increasingly demonstrated a correlation between Parkinson's disease and alternations in the composition of the gut microbiota in affected patients. Also, the significant role of prebiotics and probiotics in gastrointestinal and neurological conditions is imperative to understand their relation to Parkinson's disease. METHOD: To explore the scientific interaction of the gut-microbiota-brain axis and its association with Parkinson's disease, a comprehensive narrative review of the relevant literature was conducted. Articles were retrieved systematically from reputable sources, including PubMed, Science Direct, World Health Organization (WHO), and Advanced Google Scholar. Key search terms included are "Parkinson's Disease", "Gut Microbiome", "Braak's Theory", "Neurological Disorders", and "Gut-brain axis". Articles included in our review are published in English and they provide detailed information on the relationship between Parkinson's disease and gut microbiota RESULTS: This review highlights the impact of gut microbiota composition and associated factors on the progression of Parkinson's disease. Evidence-based studies highlighting the existing evidence of the relationship between Parkinson's disease and alteration in gut microbiota are discussed. Consequently, the potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiota may affect the composition of the gut microbiota were revealed, with a particular emphasis on the role of the gut-brain axis in this interplay. CONCLUSION: Understanding the complex interplay between gut microbiota and Parkinson's disease is a potential implication for the development of novel therapeutics against Parkinson's disease. Following the existing relationship demonstrated by different evidence-based studies on Parkinson's disease and gut microbiota, our review concludes by providing recommendations and suggestions for future research studies with a particular emphasis on the impact of the microbiota-brain axis on Parkinson's disease.

Monkeypox: A review of a zoonotic disease of global public health concern.

Background: The rising circulation of the monkeypox virus while the COVID-19 is still ongoing in non-endemic countries is a significant global health threat. In this article, we have discussed the epidemiology, aetiology, and pathogenesis of the monkeypox virus to provide our current knowledge of the disease. Also, we discussed the ongoing efforts of the international health organizations to curtail the present epidemic and we finally provide recommendations for early detection and response. Methods: We did a rapid literature search on PubMed, EMBASE, World Health Organization (WHO), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and other trusted databases for recent articles (1958-2022) published in English-focusing on the outbreaks of monkeypox disease, epidemiology, pathogenesis, aetiology, prevention, and control in endemic and non-endemic countries. Keywords such as "Monkeypox", "Monkeypox virus", "Poxviridae", "Orthopoxvirus", "Smallpox", and "Smallpox Vaccine" were considered in our search based on MESH medical subject headings. Results: Our review highlights four important findings. First, a cumulative of 1285 monkeypox cases have been documented and reported by the WHO in non-endemic countries as of June 8, 2022. Second, international travel contributes to the increase in cases in non-endemic countries. Third, the origin of the outbreak, the pattern of transmission, and the risk of infections is not fully understood. Fourth, there is an ongoing effort by the WHO, CDC, and other international health organization to control the spread of the monkeypox disease. Conclusion: Our findings underline the need to reassess research priorities on the origin, transmission pattern, and risk factors for infection of monkeypox. Also, we provide recommendations under the One Health spectrum to prevent further spread of the disease.

Emerging roles of telemedicine in dementia treatment and care.

Dementia is a neurological disorder that affects memory, thinking, orientation, and other important functions of the brain; telemedicine is a part of the healthcare delivery system involving diagnosis and consultation over telecommunications devices such as mobile phones and computers. In this review, we assessed the impact, accessibility, and possible improvements in telemedicine in dementia treatment. Regarding the use of telemedicine in the treatment, we evaluated its impact on the management of the disease (i.e., diagnosis and follow-up). We also evaluated studies on the current improvements and accessibility of telemedicine in dementia treatment. The review findings showed that it is effective in diagnosing patients, monitoring their progress during treatment, and providing caregiver support. However, studies have revealed a lack of accessibility and improvement in telemedicine among the elderly, particularly in West African countries. Finally, lasting solutions were provided to address the problems in the review permanently.

A demência é um distúrbio neurológico que afeta a memória, o pensamento, a orientação e outras funções importantes do cérebro, enquanto a telemedicina faz parte do sistema de prestação de cuidados de saúde que envolve diagnóstico e consulta por meio de dispositivos de telecomunicações, como telefones celulares e computadores. Nesta revisão, avaliamos o impacto, a acessibilidade e as possíveis melhorias da telemedicina no tratamento da demência. Ao avaliar o impacto da telemedicina no tratamento da demência, avaliamos também seu impacto no manejo da demência (ou seja, diagnóstico e acompanhamento do tratamento da demência). Também avaliamos estudos sobre as melhorias atuais a acessibilidade da telemedicina no tratamento da demência. Os resultados da revisão mostraram que a telemedicina é eficaz para diagnosticar pacientes, monitorar seu progresso durante o tratamento e fornecer suporte ao cuidador. No entanto, estudos revelaram falta de acessibilidade e melhoria da telemedicina entre os idosos, principalmente nos países da África Ocidental. Finalmente, para resolver o problema, foram fornecidas soluções duradouras para resolver permanentemente os problemas na revisão.

Current status and future directions of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis research in Africa: a perspective.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease with a global burden. Despite significant strides in ALS research, challenges facing ALS research in Africa are substantial. This paper discusses the current status and future directions of ALS research in Africa. Challenges and opportunities for ALS research in the region are highlighted, including limited funding and resources, the need for collaboration, and capacity building. Emerging technologies in ALS research in Africa are described, including telemedicine, neuroimaging, and genetic studies. Priorities for future ALS research in Africa are identified, including epidemiological studies, developing culturally appropriate diagnostic and management tools, and clinical trials of emerging treatments. Addressing these priorities will be critical to advancing ALS research and improving patient outcomes in Africa.

Navigating the journey of multiple sclerosis management in Africa, overcoming hurdles and harnessing opportunities: a review.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, debilitating condition affecting many African people. However, the management of MS in Africa is often inadequate, and there is a need to improve the care and support provided to patients. This paper aims to identify the challenges and opportunities in navigating the journey of MS management in Africa. MS management's main challenges in Africa include a lack of awareness and education about the disease, limited access to diagnostic tools and treatments, and inadequate care coordination. However, by increasing awareness and education about MS, improving access to diagnostic tools and treatments, fostering multidisciplinary collaborations, encouraging and supporting research on MS in Africa, and collaborating with regional and international organizations to share knowledge and resources, it is possible to improve the management of the disease and improve the lives of those affected by MS in Africa. This paper concludes that improving the management of MS in Africa requires a concerted effort from all stakeholders, including healthcare professionals, policymakers, and international organizations. Collaboration and sharing of knowledge and resources are crucial to ensure that patients receive the best possible care and support.

Emerging roles of telemedicine in dementia treatment and care / Papéis emergentes da telemedicina no tratamento e cuidado da demência

ABSTRACT. Dementia is a neurological disorder that affects memory, thinking, orientation, and other important functions of the brain; telemedicine is a part of the healthcare delivery system involving diagnosis and consultation over telecommunications devices such as mobile phones and computers. In this review, we assessed the impact, accessibility, and possible improvements in telemedicine in dementia treatment. Regarding the use of telemedicine in the treatment, we evaluated its impact on the management of the disease (i.e., diagnosis and follow-up). We also evaluated studies on the current improvements and accessibility of telemedicine in dementia treatment. The review findings showed that it is effective in diagnosing patients, monitoring their progress during treatment, and providing caregiver support. However, studies have revealed a lack of accessibility and improvement in telemedicine among the elderly, particularly in West African countries. Finally, lasting solutions were provided to address the problems in the review permanently.

RESUMO. A demência é um distúrbio neurológico que afeta a memória, o pensamento, a orientação e outras funções importantes do cérebro, enquanto a telemedicina faz parte do sistema de prestação de cuidados de saúde que envolve diagnóstico e consulta por meio de dispositivos de telecomunicações, como telefones celulares e computadores. Nesta revisão, avaliamos o impacto, a acessibilidade e as possíveis melhorias da telemedicina no tratamento da demência. Ao avaliar o impacto da telemedicina no tratamento da demência, avaliamos também seu impacto no manejo da demência (ou seja, diagnóstico e acompanhamento do tratamento da demência). Também avaliamos estudos sobre as melhorias atuais a acessibilidade da telemedicina no tratamento da demência. Os resultados da revisão mostraram que a telemedicina é eficaz para diagnosticar pacientes, monitorar seu progresso durante o tratamento e fornecer suporte ao cuidador. No entanto, estudos revelaram falta de acessibilidade e melhoria da telemedicina entre os idosos, principalmente nos países da África Ocidental. Finalmente, para resolver o problema, foram fornecidas soluções duradouras para resolver permanentemente os problemas na revisão.

The Role of Pharmacists in Strengthening the Health System in Nigeria.

The role of Pharmacists in healthcare has changed significantly over the previous half-century, from dispensing to providing direct patient-oriented services unrelated to dispensing. As a result, the pharmacy profession offers unique expertise to members of the profession with a distinct set of abilities that enable them to play a variety of roles in developing the Nigerian health system. Pharmacy and community pharmacists play an important role in the public health system by providing prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medication with professional counseling, participating in health care programs, and maintaining contact with other healthcare professionals in the health care system. In addition to being open to the public, pharmacists are responsible for the safe and effective administration of pharmaceuticals, participate in health screening and monitoring programs, and are responsive to the requirements and preferences of patients. Unfortunately, there are fewer studies on the roles that pharmacists play in improving the Nigerian health system. As a result, this study highlights some of the roles pharmacists play in strengthening the health system of Nigeria.