Stress analysis in single molar tooth.

The human tooth faces different stresses under environments of different loading conditions, these loading produces major factors in weakness of the tooth and bone structure. The need to save natural teeth has prompted the development of novel and complex techniques in endodontology, prosthodontics and periodontology. Despite a poor long-term prognosis and some prejudice to local bone, considerable efforts have been exerted for the realization of these techniques. Nowadays, the 3D finite element analysis (FEA) is one of the more recently used techniques for stress analysis in single human tooth under different loading cases. The von Mises stress distribution indicated that the greatest effort area of tooth lies at the base of crown up to the gingival line with varying intensities in the different loading cases. The highest stress in the cortical bone was predominantly found around the cervical region of the tooth and lowest in the cancellous bone and periodontal ligament (PDL). The PDL is a soft tissue, and it could function as an intermediate cushion element which absorbs the impact force and uniformly transfers the occlusal forces into the surrounding bone.

Acute pancreatitis: management update and future directions of pancreatic imaging.

Essential management points for AP are: 1. Intravenous fluids and adequate hydration are the mainstay of therapy. Antibiotics are not routinely indicated in most cases. 2. The most reliable marker for diagnosing biliary AP is a greater than threefold elevation of the serum alanine amniotrasferase (ALT), which has a positive predictive value of 95% for biliary acute pancreatitis. 3. Early ERCP with ES for stone extraction and biliary decompression has proved beneficial for patients with biliary pancreatitis and evidence of persistent or progressive biliary obstruction with elevated serum total bilirubin and ALT levels. 4. Most patients with severe necrotizing pancreatitis will need intensive care, imaging, possible fine needle aspiration (FNA) by interventional radiology (IR) if necrosis is present on CT and the patient's condition is worsening. 5. If sterile necrosis is found on the FNA aspirate then conservative therapy would be continued; but if infected necrosis is found, then consideration for surgical consultation is needed for possible surgical therapy with debridement and necreotectomy.