ABSTRACT
The purpose is to elucidate the effects of the duration of heat treatment on the resistance of vegetable oils to oxidative processes. Iodine and acid values were analyzed before and after heat exposure. Rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, and a blend of rapeseed and sunflower oils (ratio 55:45) were used as samples. Sunflower oil heated at a temperature of 40°C for 80 minutes had its peroxide value increased by 3.0 times (p ≤ 0.05) as compared to rapeseed oil and the blend. At 75°C, the peroxide value increased by 4.0 times for sunflower oil (p ≤ 0.05), by 3.0 and 3.3 times for rapeseed oil (p ≤ 0.05), and by 3.1 and 3.4 times for the blend (p ≤ 0.05). At 40°C, no peroxide values were obtained that exceeded the threshold limits. The concentration of fatty acids in oils depends on the plant variety, growth conditions and maturity of seeds or fruits. Therefore, the concentration of fatty acids in the oil should be measured before oil blending.
Subject(s)
Fatty Acids , Plant Oils , Rapeseed Oil , Sunflower Oil , Hot TemperatureABSTRACT
The present study aims to perform a comparative analysis of vegetable oils and their two-component blends using infrared spectroscopy and refractometry. The study was conducted in Almaty (Kazakhstan) in 2020. Three samples of 44 vegetable oils and their blends made from two components were examined. Fractometry and infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate the properties of blended vegetable oils. To this end, the fatty acid fraction (in percentage), iodine number, and index of refraction (IOR) were calculated. Afterward, the spectrograms obtained for the blends were analyzed. It was found that the difference between the intensities of weak bands and the band expansion of 722 cm-1 indicates greater expressiveness. When low-intensity bands (1653 cm-1) become more distinct due to vibrations of double carbon bonds (C-bonds), the level of unsaturated fatty acids in the blend increases as well.
ABSTRACT
Sesame oil is an important source of nutrients. Thus, there is a need to develop new technologies, which preserve the integrity of these substances in processed oil. The aim of the study was to outline the optimal hydrothermal treatment of sesame seeds, which would enable preserving its therapeutic properties. White sesame seeds were used as raw materials. They were treated with infrared radiation (900 watts per 1 m2), followed by hydrothermal treatment. Infrared treatment decreased the seed moisture content of 10-16% by 1.5-2.0 times. A range of important compounds was preserved after treatment, such as fatty acids (ranging from 5 to 45%, depending on the type of compound). The following fatty acids were found in the oil composition: linoleic (40-43%), palmitic (7%), stearic (5%), and oleic (43-45%). In addition, vitamin E was found (130 mg per 100 g). The oil can be stored for long periods as it contains trace amounts of water and dissolved oxygen.
Subject(s)
Sesamum , Fatty Acids , Nutrients , Seeds , Plant OilsABSTRACT
The present study aims to examine PAB culture, synthesizing a significant number of iron-containing enzymes and capable of adhesion. Results show that increased iron concentration increased enzymes activity in all strains studied. An increase of iron ions level increasing up to 0.50-0.60 mg/ml leads to a 1.3-fold and 2-dold increase of catalase and SOD activity respectively, peroxidase activity was virtually unchanged. Optimal iron ions Fe2+ doses to ensure active PAB growth were determined. Of all the cultures studied P. fredenreichii subsp. shermanii AC-2503 has high adhesion: AAI = 5.1; MAI = 5.60; erythrocyte involvement rate = 87%. It was shown that certain iron ion concentrations increased the specific growth rate of PAB (P. freudenrichii subsp. freudenrichii AC-2500 (0.3 mg/ml) and other strains (0.4 mg/ml). A further increase in the iron ions concentration slows bacterial growth, while excessive content inhibits metabolism, including defense mechanisms that offset the negative effects of the metal. Our subsequent studies will focus on the effect of other metal ions on the metabolism of bacteria, mainly lactic acid bacteria, which are important biotechnological objects of the industry similar to propionic acid bacteria.
ABSTRACT
This work aims to investigate how livestock wastewater irrigation affects the quality and agricultural potential of soil. The experiments took place in 2019 on a research station with an area of 10 ha (Moscow region, Russian Federation), divided into two even sites of 5 ha (control, experimental). Eleven germination experiments were carried out to determine the influence of livestock wastewater irrigation on radish seeds (1 - control; 10 - irrigation with liquid and solid phases of wastewater samples mixed with pure water). The experimental and control plots appeared to differ in terms of the bulk density of soil. Changes occurred in all horizons (p ≤ 0.05) but a soil layer with a depth of 0.2-0.4 m. Soil horizons in the experiment plots all exhibited lower porosity (p ≤ 0.05) except for the topsoil, and the water capacity was higher in the topsoil (p ≤ 0.05) and near-surface layer (p ≤ 0.05). The experiment showed higher concentrations of hummus (p ≤ 0.01) and phosphorus (p ≤ 0.01). As for nitrogen, significant changes only occurred in the topsoil (p ≤ 0.01). In the germination experiments, more than 90% of radish seeds germinated. Besides, their root length was higher compared to the control (p ≤ 0.05). The results of the study suggest that livestock wastewater can benefit crop cultivation after preliminary treatment. Finally, the experiments revealed a reduced soil salt accumulation.
ABSTRACT
Background and Aim: At present, tick-borne borreliosis is the most common infectious disease transmitted by ticks in Europe, Asia, and North America. This study aimed to examine the epizootiological aspects of the natural nidality of tick-borne borreliosis in Moscow region (the Russian Federation). Materials and Methods: A total of 2,537 ticks representing two species were collected, namely, Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus. The activity, number of ticks, and Borrelia infestation rates were investigated during a high season, that is, from early spring to mid-autumn. Results: In May, amount of I. ricinus spp. was found 2.5 times more than those representing D. reticulatus spp. (p≤0.01). In June, August, and September, the amount of I. ricinus was 9.0 (p≤0.0001), 2.0 (p≤0.05), and 5.0 times higher, respectively, compared to D. reticulatus. In the first 10 days of April, the amount of D. reticulatus was 3 times higher than that of I. ricinus (p≤0.02); in the next 10 days, their amounts were equal (p≥0.05) and in the last 10 days the amount of I. ricinus exceeded that of D. reticulatus (p≤0.05) by 1.5 times. In general, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia garinii, were detected. In addition, the naturally occurring tick-borne borreliosis pesthole was revealed in the Moscow region. Conclusion: Borrelia infection rates for ticks comprise 30%. An increase in Borrelia tick infestation was detected within the vicinity of populated areas. The amount of ticks directly depends on the temperature (20°C-25°C) and moisture (from 50%) values.
