[Telomere-telomerase system in aging, norm and pathology (literature review)].

This literature review presents results of research showing association between functional activity of the telomere-telomerase system and mental cognitive and emotional processes in normal and various pathological states: chronic stress, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, mild cognitive impairment and dementia in aging. It also refers to age-specific, psycho-social, economic, immunological, genetic and epigenetic factors that influence these relationships.

[Antiamnesic effects divaza and its component model ß-amyloid amnesia]. / Antiamnesticheskoe deistvie divazy i ee komponentov na modeli ß-amiloidnoi amnezii u krys.

AIM: On amnesia models induced by (icv) injection of ß-amyloid fragment 25-35 peptide were evaluated antiamnestic actitity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was used of active antibody preparations (RA AT) to protein S100 (tenoten), to eNOS (impaza) and combinations (divaza) antiamnestic activity behavioral tests novel object conditioned response passive avoidance. RESULTS: Under the influence of RA AT S100 observed recovery of violation of the ß-amyloid short-term memory (1 hour after the initial presentation of objects), and RA AT eNOS were more effective when tested 24 hours later. Combined medication completely compensate for the simulated deflection behavior of rats did not differ from the intact control. The CRPA RA AT S100 had the greatest impact on the LP entry into the dark compartment, and RA AT eNOS influenced primarily on the emotional component of the reaction. When using the integrated product tends to increase the LP entry into the dark compartment was observed in the absence of changes in the number of boluses. Thus, tenoten had the greatest impact on cognitive impairment, impaza greater effect on the symptoms associated with surgery. CONCLUSION: Combined preparation divaza rendered more effective action, leveling and amnesia neophobia, which confirms the need for further research and prospect release of active drugs in models of neurodegenerative disorders.

[THE INTEGRATIVE LEVEL OF THE HIERARCHICAL SYSTEM OF SPATIAL ORIENTATION OF ANIMALS].

The purpose of this review is to analyze the current knowledge about the higher, integrative level of the physiological system of orientation of animals in space. The significance of the study of this level caused by the fact that its disruption can cause deterioration of the capacity for spatial orientation (spatial agnosia) which is an important sign of some diseases of the brain, and in particular Alzheimer's disease. In recent decades, the main functional components of integration of information on space position of animals were discovered. The significance of these discoveries was reflected in a number of prestigious awards and honors, including the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2014.

[MECHANISMS OF NEURONAL LOSS IN ALZHEIMER''S DISEASE].

One of the main elements of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is neuronal loss in different areas of the brain, which is more intensive than in normal aging. Necessity of studying the pathogenesis of this process is determined by the fact that the loss of neurons begins at the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease when the amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (main morphological manifestations of the disease) is not yet formed and that the loss of neurons correlates with the severity of clinical symptoms. To date, there is evidence that allows delineating probable pathogenetic mechanisms of neuronal loss. This is the purpose of this review of the literature.

[Effects of activation of kappa-opioid receptors on the behavior at the postnatal development of the stress reactivity systems].

It is known that stress changes state and reactivity of humoral systems of stress, particularly the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system (HPA) and the dynorphin-K-opioid system (DKOS) in any age periods, including ones of early postnatal development. Supposedly these changes are underlying some disorders. Difference in state and reactivity of the HPA system is well established. But the role of DKOS is not clear. Further study of this requires summarizing of the literature data on physiology of DKOS activation and ethological features of the activation in different periods of postnatal development. It is possible to conclude that the mode of reaction to stimulation of the DKOS differs in the early development in contrast to adult animals. The mode of reaction can be changed in relation to the periods of development of the system of stress-reactivity and can depend on prior activation of the stress system in a particular period.

[Pathogenesis of the basal forebrain cholinergic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease].

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder which is the most common cause of dementia. Studies in last decades allowed identifying the main pathogenetic patterns that can be summarized in three main components which are cholinergic dysfunction, impairment of synaptic plasticity in the neocortex and hippocampal formation, and neuron death in these brain structures. Further study of Alzheimer's disease and development of treatment approaches require generalizations of knowledge on each of these components accumulated to date. In this review, literature data on the first of these components were summarized and current conception on the pathogenesis of cholinergic dysfunction was described.

[The role of the basal forebrain cholinergic dysfunction in pathogenesis of declarative memory disorder in Alzheimer's disease].

Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of the declarative memory disorder: 30-40% cases of dementia among all of age groups, and 50-60% among the people older 65 years. In addition, disorder of declarative memory is the genuine symptom of the disease, which certainly appears on early stage of the disease and it is an obligate diagnostic symptom. Proponents of the "cholinergic theory" of pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease suggest that the basis disorder of declarative memory is cholinergic dysfunction. Several neurodynamic mechanisms associated with declarative memory depend on the level of acetylcholine in hippocampus and neocortex. It is believed that dysfunction of the basal cholinergic system in Alzheimer's disease leads to the impairment of these mechanisms. In this review, we summarize available literature data concerning the mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease.

[Association between level of intelligence and heart rate variability].

Earlier we discovered that heart rate variability was associated with the level of intelligence. The purpose of this study is to confirm this association using more reliable method and to define more precisely the frequency band within which the amplitude of the heart rate modulations is related to intelligence. 13 males (aged 14 to 17) were the study subjects. The total score of the computer game Tetris was taken as a general measure of the intelligence level. Heart rate was recorded electrocardiographically both at rest and during playing Tetris. Frequency analysis of heart rate was carried out with digital Fourier transformation. Correlation analysis showed that there was positive association between the level of intelligence and the amplitude of heart rate modulation at the frequencies 0.30 and 0.15 modulations per RR interval. This association is closer for the heart rate at rest than for the heart rate during mental work and for the frequency 0.30 than for the 0.15 modulations per RR interval.

[Association of heart rate variability and frontal cortex activation].

Literature data and results of our own research suggest that amplitude of periodic modulations of heart rate may be related to the cerebral cortex activity. Verification of this assumption was accomplished by searching for correlation between the heart rate periodogram (as a measure of amplitude of periodic modulations of heart rate at different frequencies), and electroencephalographic evaluation of the level of different cortical areas activation. Positive association between levels of activation of the frontal cortex and amplitude of heart rate modulation with the period of 3 modulations per heart rate interval was discovered.

[Mobilisation readiness state and the frequency structure of heart rate variability].

A number of studies showed association of mental status with heart rate variability. This work discovered a feature of frequency structure of heart rate variability that is associated with mental readiness. In three independent groups of 64, 39, and 19 volunteers by the factor analysis of heart rate periodograms, it has been discovered that there are at least two other heart rate oscillation phenomena apart from the well known low frequency oscillations and respiratory arrhythmia. They have periods of 3 and 4 heart beats. Association of amplitude of 3-beats oscillation with level of mental readiness was shown due to further observation in two independent groups of 12 and 7. Moreover, possibility of assessment of mental readiness by the mathematical model based on heart rate periodogram was suggested.

[Phenogenetics of offspring and their ancestors]. / Fenogenetika potomkov i ikh predkov.

By the help of questionnaire of young peoples (18-25 years) was received an information about their psycobiological likeness to mother, father, grandmother, grandfather. From 788 girls likeness to mother marked in 50.51%, father--37.06%, grandmother--9.77%, grandfather--2.66%. Boys (416 answers) marked likeness in 34.13% with mother, in 52.64% with father, in 3.85% with grandmother, in 9.38% with grandfather. So, the girls more frequent showed there likeness to ancestors of women sex, and boys--to men sex. Authors thinking, that this thing is conditioned not only by heredity cytoplasmatic factors, but by alternative action of womanish and masculine sexual hormones.

[Gene frequencies and heterozygosity of the AB0 and RH blood group alleles in the populations of two cities of the Donetsk region, Ukraine]. / Chastoty genov i geterozigotnost' po alleliam sistem grupp krovi ABO i RH naseleniia dvukh gorodov Donetskoi oblasti Ukrainy.

The frequencies of the AB0 and RH blood group alleles and heterozygosity indices were determined for the populations of two large industrial cities of Gorlovka and Mariupol. In the population of Gorlovka the gene frequencies were as follows: AB0*0 = 0.576, AB0*A = 0.266, AB0*B = 0.158, and RH*D = 0.592, in Mariupol the frequencies were AB0*0 = 0.584, AB0*A = 0.265, AB0*B = 0.151, and RH*D = 0.604. In Gorlovka the heterozygosity indices in respect to the AB0 and RH alleles were 0.572 and 0.483, respectively; in Mariupol, 0.566 and 0.478, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the two populations in respect to the genetic markers analyzed. However, the heterozygosity values obtained were more similar to the corresponding estimates for some populations of Russia, than for the total population of the Ukraine.

[Genetic demographic data of Ukrainian urban populations in the 1990s: ethno-geographic characteristics of migrants in the Donetsk region]. / Genetiko-demograficheskie protsessy v gorodskikh populiatsiiakh Ukrainy v 90-kh godakh. Etnograficheskie kharakteristiki migratsii v Donetskoi oblasti.

Analysis of data on the birthplaces and ethnicity of persons who contracted marriages in the city of Donetsk in 1960, 1985, and 1992 demonstrated that the proportions of Russians and Ukrainians (the dominant ethnic groups among Donetsk residents) in the migration flow increased. The trend towards formation of ethnically disperse groups from the city residents became stronger. The index of isolation by distance (parameter b of Malecot's model) was 0.00103, 0.00071, and 0.00083 in 1960, 1985, and 1992, respectively. The proportions of long-range and short-range migrants increased by 1.2 times and decreased by 2.3 times, respectively, during the period studied. The locality size of the Donetsk population was 50, 62, and 53 km in 1960, 1985, and 1992, respectively. The highest isolation by distance was observed in Jews and Greeks and the lowest one, in Russians.

[Population prevalence of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the Donetsk region of Ukraine]. / Populiatsionnaia rasprostranennost' vrozhdennogo gipertroficheskogo pilorostenoza u detei Donetskoi oblasti Ukrainy.

The population prevalence of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in Donetsk region in the course of 11 years (1989-1999) has been descriptively studied. Its frequency is 0.73:1000 or 1:1370 newborn infants annual with range of 0.54 to 1.01:1000. It is somewhat lower than that of more wide spread congenital diseases: labial cleft and hemochromatoses. Pyloric stenosis is detected in 42 of 43 populations of Donetsk region. There is a population nonuniformity of the case rate: from 0.19 to 1.9:1000 newborn infants, that the authors are inclined to explain by dissimilarity of a gene pool in the populations due to random migration of the population.

[Genetic demographic processes in Ukrainian population in 1990. The marriage structure of the Donetsk population]. / Genetiko-demograficheskie protsessy v gorodskikh populiatsiiakh Ukrainyv 90-kh godakh. Brachnaia struktura Donetskoi populiatsii.

Analysis of records of the marriages that were contracted in the city of Donetsk revealed that, between 1960 and 1992, the marriage rate in the city decreased from 14.8 to 4.7 per 1000 people, the migration rate (m) decreased from 0.71 to 0.34, and the endogamy index increased from 0.123 to 0.458. Between 1960 and 1985, outbreeding in the Donetsk population increased, which was expressed in an increase in the frequency of interethnic marriages, migration range, and the average marital distance, as well as a decrease in the proportion of the indigenous ethnic group (Ukrainians). By 1992, outbreeding decreased: the population became more homogeneous ethnically (93% Slavic), the proportion of Ukrainians and the frequency of monoethnic marriages increased, and the average marital distance decreased. In 1960 and 1992, the coefficients of marriage contingency (K) with respect to ethnicity were 0.34 and 0.22, respectively. Regarding birthplaces, the population became almost panmictic (in 1960 and 1992, the K values were 0.15 and 0.10, respectively). Marriage structure with respect to occupation remained almost unchanged (the K values were 0.22 and 0.23, respectively). Throughout the entire period studied, the most pronounced population subdivision was that with respect to the education level (the K values were 0.36 and 0.39, respectively).

[Acute leukemia in adults: morbidity in Donetsk region of Ukraine before and after Chernobyl' accident]. / Ostrye leikozy vzroslogo naseleniia: zabolevaemost' v Donetskoi oblasti Ukrainy do i posle avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AES.

AIM: To study whether Chernobyl accident has implications for acute leukemia (AL) incidence rate in Donetsk region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records of the Donetsk regional hematological center for new verified cases of AL have been analysed for 1977-1987 and 1989-1994. RESULTS: Four years after the accident AL morbidity was higher than before the accident. After 1991 AL morbidity returned to the preaccident level. CONCLUSION: A rise in AL incidence is attributed to radionuclide contamination after the Chernobyl accident of a region with initially unfriendly environment.

[Gene frequencies and heterozygosity of the population of Donetsk Province, Ukraine by the alleles of the ABO and Rhesus systems]. / Gennye chastoty i geterozigotnost' naseleniia Donetskoi oblasti Ukrainy po alleliam sistem ABO i rezus.

Frequency and heterozygosity indices of AB0 and Rh gene systems in the population of Donetsk Province were calculated. Uneven distribution of the genes was found and heterozygosity indices of the population were 0.554-0.573 for AB0 and 0.410-0.499 for Rh. Heterozygosity in this population was higher than average heterozygosity in total population of Ukraine as a result of intensive migrations and prevalence of heterolocal marriages over homolocal ones.

[The genetic differentiation of the human populations of Donetsk Province, Ukraine. The distribution of ABO and Rhesus blood group systems]. / Geneticheskaia differentsiatsiia populiatsii liudei Donetskoi oblasti Ukrainy. Rasprostranennost' grupp krovi sistemy ABO i rezus.

We have detected the irregular genetic-population structure of residents of the Donetsk Province with respect to the AB0 and Rh systems with a general formula A > 0 > B > AB, the only exception being Slavyansk where it probably is 0 > A > B > AB. Two out of nine populations studied differed greatly from the others. The two other populations exhibited a high degree of similarity with a distant population in Russia (Novocherkassk) that can be attributed to the common history of their population.