[Common system of sparsely branched projection (reticular) NADPH-diaphorase neurons in the human forebrain formations built from densely branched cells].

Cell morphometry with statistical analysis (using 9 parameters) of densely branched projection and sparsely branched reticular neurons was performed in the human forebrain formations built from densely branched projection neurons (the entorhinal cortex, striatum, nucleus accumbens basolateral amygdala, and dorsal thalamus). The reticular neurons included scattered reticular neurons and marginal reticular neurons of the dorsal thalamus. Golgi method and staining for NADPH-diaphorase were used. The scattered reticular neurons of different formations under study did not differ in any of the 9 parameters, whereas they significantly differed from the main projection neurons in 5 to 7 parameters (except one comparison with the difference in 2 parameters). Within the same formation, the scattered reticular and main projection densely branched neurons differed in 7 to 9 parameters. The endbrain scattered reticular neurons expressed NADPH-diaphorase, while in the dorsal thalamus only the medium marginal reticular neurons were NADPH-diaphorase-positive. Thus, a common system of ancient integrative reticular neurons expressing NADPH-diaphorase exists in the examined human forebrain formations. The evidence obtained by us and the literature data point to the projection nature of the scattered reticular neurons (to the V and VI neocortical layers), which suggests their modulatory influence on descending neocortical pathways.

[Neurons of the human basal ganglia (striatum and basolateral amygdala) expressing the enzyme NADPH-d]. / Neirony bazal'nykh gangliev mozga cheloveka (striatuma i bazolateral'noi mindaliny), ékspressiruiushchie ferment NADPH-d.

In human striatum and basolateral amygdala NADPH-d+ neurons were revealed (after Vincent et al., 1983); and in striatum strio-cortical neurons were also revealed using DiI marker (after Dahtstrom and Belichenko, 1995). The NADPH-d+ neurons were numerous in both formations. Staining of NADPH-d+ neurons with their processes, and our previous study of striatal and amygdalar human neurons by Golgi method made it possible to identify the species of neurons with their assessment as sparsely or densely branched. The main efferent neurons of striatum and basolateral amygdala (densely branched medium spiny and bushy spiny, respectively) and their densely branched interneurons were not marked. Efferent NADPH-d+ neurons included the most numerous ones in both formations. A projection of reticular striatal neurons to cortex was also shown. The NADPH-d+ interneurons belonged to sparsely branched forms. In striatum they included slender-dendritic and long-dendritic bipolars (numerous), ordinary bipolars, twisted and large poor-dendritic cells; in amygdala--the same bipolars and radial cells. Thus, the NADPH-d positive cells in the formations under study were represented by more "ancient" or less structurally complex cell forms.

[The role of substantia nigra in the cognitive activity in cats]. / Rol' chernoi substantsii v kognitivnoi deiatel'nosti u koshek.

The role of substantia nigra (SN) in the cat cognitive activity of different complexity degree, was investigated by original technique. Neurosurgery or neurochemical SN switching off leads to reliable disturbances of condition, reflexes, generalization and abstraction. Rehabilitation was possible after pharmacological stimulation of dopaminergic, partly GABA-ergic, and cholinergic systems. Stimulation of serotonin system was ineffective.

[The importance of the caudate-temporal chain in different forms of cognitive activity in animals]. / Vklad kaudato-temporal'nogo zvena v obespechenii razlichnykh form kognitivnoi deiatel'nosti u zhivotnykh.

Destruction of associative caudato-temporal chain was shown to cause disorders in perceptive gnostic functions and thinking processes in freely behaving cats.

[Disorders in cognitive activity and their neuropharmacological correction in structural-functional failure of the head of the caudate nucleus in cats]. / Rasstroistva kognitivnoi deiatel'nosti i ee neirofarmakologicheskaia korrektsiia pri strukturno-funktsional'noi nedostatochnosti golovki khvostatogo iadra u koshek.

The caudate nucleus' head was shown to take part in organisation of praxis, perception, gnosis and "thinking activity". A wide range of dysfunctions in the caudate insufficiency was abolished by a specific set of psychotropic drugs acting upon classic neurotransmitter systems of the cat brain.

[The participation of the projection areas of the temporal cortex in the sensory support of certain forms of cognitive processes]. / Uchastie proektsionnykh zon visochnoi kory v sensornom obespechenii nekotorykh form kognitivnykh protsessov.

In neuropsychophysiological and biochemical experiments was studied the role of the temporal cortex of the cat (AI, AII) in mnemonic, perceptive, gnostic functions, praxis, and the higher cognitive processes. The participation of the temporal fields in the mechanisms forming the gnostic imagery activity was shown.

[The neuropharmacological restoration of cognitive functions in cats after damage to the forebrain basal nuclei (Meynert's nucleus)]. / Neirofarmakologicheskoe vosstanovlenie poznovatel'nykh funktsii koshek posle porazheniia bazal'nykh iader perednego mozga (iadra Meinerta).

The cognitive functions were studied on experimental model of Alzheimer's disease (destruction of the basal nuclei of Meynert in cats) using the stimulation and inhibition of Ach, GABA, and DA brain systems. Ach system was found to be essential to form generalization function, DA system to improve simple learning, and GABA system to involve in formation of complex associations.

[Neuronal organization of the periamygdaloid cortex in the cat brain]. / Neironnaia organizatsiia periamigdaliarnoi kory mozga koshki.

Neuronal organization of the fields Pmm, Pml2, Pe and epm of the periamygdaloid cortex of the cat brain has been studied by means of Golgi and Nissl methods. The field Pmm essentially differs from other fields of this cortex by primitiveness of its cytoarchitectonic an neuronal organization (two layers uniform by the composition of their neurons are distinguished, the structure of the latter is relatively primitive). In the medial part of this field long axonal rarely branching short dendritic, and in the lateral part--poorly differentiating pyramidal and spindle-like cells predominate. The field Pmm can be considered as a transitional formation between the subcortex (the medial nucleus of the amygdaloid body) and other fields of the periamygdaloid cortex. The fields Pml2, Pe and epm are built more complexly: the cells are organized in 4 layers, more complexly differentiated by their form and size than in the field Pmm and correspondingly more various (long axonal densely branching cells are observed: pyramidal and spindle-like--of the cortical type and bushy--of the subcortical type, as well as long axonal rarely branching reticular cells). The short axonal cells in the fields Pml2, Pe and epm are rather variable in their form, size and direction of axons; in the field Pmm they are less numerous. The field Pmm and the complex of the fields Pml2, Pe and epm are perhaps different in their function, this is evident from different projection of their neurons. Axons of the cells in the field Pmm get into less differentiated and the most ancient medial nucleus of the amygdaloid body and into the ancient system of connections of the latter--terminal strip, and neurons of the fields Pml2, Pe and epm are projected into the basolateral part of the amygdaloid body and into the external capsule--phylogenetically younger structures. Besides, poverty of the axonal collateralies in the long axonal neurons and a small amount and uniformity of the forms of the short axonal cells in the field Pmm and contrary, rich collateralies and variety of short axonal cells in the composition of other fields demonstrate more complex internal integrative function, performing in that composition.

[Efferent connections of the striatum with the Ep field of the temporal cortex in the cat]. / Efferentnye sviazi striatuma s polem Ep visochnoi kory mozga koshki.

When horseradish peroxidase was injected into the Ep area of the temporal cortex of 5 cats, the distribution of the labelled neurons in the strio-pallidum and in the nucleus of Meynert was similar in all the cases. In the striatum predominantly large cells (in the nucleus caudatus and in the putamen), as well as middle and small (in the putamen) cells were labelled. Comparing the form and size of the labelled cells in the striatum, revealed in Golgi preparations, it is possible to conclude that large labelled neurons correspond to long-axonal sparsely-branching reticular neurons, and middle and small--to long-axonal densely-branching dendroid "spinular" neurons. The large cells of the striatum can be considered as a part of a vast macrocellular ascending system of the forebrain, its preservation maintains the higher integrative functions of the brain.

[Study of the afferent connections of the visual area of the lower bank of the cruciate sulcus of the cerebral cortex of the cat using the retrograde horseradish peroxidase axon transport technic]. / Issledovanie afferentnykh sviazei zritel'noi zony na nizhnei stenke krestovidnoi borozdy kory mozga koshek s ispol'zovaniem metoda retrogradnogo aksonnogo transporta peroksidazy khrena.

The possible visual inputs to the new visual area found in our experiments in the lower bank of cruciate sulcus of the cat cortex were studied with horseradish peroxidase technique. HRP was injected in the place preliminary identified as the visual area in physiological experiments with the same cats. Labelled neurons were found in the visual areas of the cortex (lateral suprasylvian and ectosylvian), in the parietal cortex (area 5 and 7) and in a small amount in the prefrontal and limbic cortex. In all experiments labelled neurons were found in the claustrum. In the thalamus labelled neurons were found in the nucleus medialis dorsalis, intralaminar nuclei (contralis lateralis, paracentralis and centralis medialis) and in the nuclei ventralis anterior, ventralis medialis, anteromedialis and reuniens. Some stained neurons were found in the midbrain in the stratum griseum centrale; the conclusion was made that the main sources of inputs to the studied area were different regions of the visual system or the structures of the brain closely connected with the latter.

[Afferent connections of the basolateral division of the amygdaloid complex of the cat brain]. / Afferentnye sviazi bazolateral'nogo otdela mindalevidnogo kompleksa mozga koshki.

Injection of horseradish peroxidase into the basal macrocellular and lateral nuclei of the amygdaloid complex (BLAC) in the cat brain has revealed their rich thalamic afferentation. On the BLAC there are massive projections of: a) nuclei of the middle line of the precommissural pole of the dorsal thalamus (anterior parts of the paratenial, interanteromedial and reunial nuclei), as well as the whole anterior paraventricular nucleus, medial part of the ventral posteromedial nucleus; b) postcommissural nuclei of the dorsal thalamus; some "nonacustical" nuclei of the internal geniculate body (ventrolateral nucleus, medial and macrocellular parts and the most caudal end of the internal geniculate body). Rather essential are projections of the "posterior group nuclei", those of the suprageniculate nucleus, of some parts of the ventral thalamus (subparafascicular nucleus, marginal and peripeduncular nuclei) and parabrachial nucleus. Scattered single projections are obtained from all hypothalamic parts (most of all the ventromedial nucleus), reticular nuclei of the septum, substantia innominata, substantia nigra, truncal nuclei of the raphe. Variety of the dorsal thalamic nuclei, sending their fibers to the BLAC reflects variety of sensory information, that gets here, according to its modality, degree of its differentiation and integrity. A number of the dorsal thalamus nuclei, owing to abundance of labelled neurons, can be considered as special relay thalamic nuclei for the BLAC resembling corresponding relay nuclei for the new cortex.

[Neuronal structure of the lateral olfactory tract nucleus in the cat brain]. / Neironnoe stroenie iadra lateral'nogo oboniatel'nogo trakta mozga u koshki.

The lateral olfactory tract nucleus of the cat brain has been studied by means of Nissl's and Golgi's methods. This structure is a cortical formation according to its neuronal organization; four layers can be detected in it (zonal, polymorphic, external and internal, and pyramidal). Among long-axonal neurons, besides cells of the subcortical type (dense-branching, treelike), there are neuronal types specific for the cortex--pyramidal, spindle-like, as well as short-axonal neurons of two types--smooth dendritic and neurons having spinelets. Afferent transmitters are mainly presented by olfactory fibres (it is a rather thick fibre forming at its end not a very dense and long branching brush consisting of terminal fibres with beads along their course).

[Thalamo-amygdalar connections in the cat brain]. / Talamo-amigdaliarnye sviazi mozga koshki.

Afferent connections of the cat amygdalar nuclei with the thalamic structures were studied by Nauta's method; simultaneously, geometrical features of the afferent fibres in amygdala were investigated by Golgi's method and its synaptic architectonics was examined by Golgi--Deineka's method. No pathways were demonstrated from the medial line nuclei (paraventricular, interanteromedial, rhomboid, central medial and reunial), from intralaminar nuclei (central lateral, paracentral and parafascicular) and from the lateral part of the thalamic medio-dorsal nucleus to the amygdala. From the medial part of the thalamic medio-dorsal nucleus into the basal-lateral nuclei of the amygdala (mainly into the large cells of the basal nucleus) come a great number of lemnisc-like fibres which form at the end a thick brush from very fine fibrillae having beady thickenings and connected with the neuronal dendrites of the amygdala.

[Hypothalamo-amygdaloid connections of cat's brain]. / Gipotalamo-amigdaliarnye sviazi mozga koshki

Under study were the afferent connections of the cat's amygdala nuclei with the hypothalamus (Nauta's method) in parallel with studying geometrical parameters of the afferent fibre endings in these nuclei by the Golgi method. It has been shown that the medial hypothalamus gives the beginning to a small amount of fibres running to the medial group of the amygdala nuclei; dissipated solitary fibres run to the large- and small-cellular parts of the basal nucleus. A considerable amount of fibres run from the lateral hypothalamus to the amygdala, mainly to the medial group of its nuclei and the anterior amygdalar area, only solitary fibres were followed in the basal nuclei. We failed to observe degenerated fibres from the medial preoptical area to the amygdale. The geometry of branches of these fibre systems in the amygdala nuclei was established: they all terminate as a compact but rarely branching brush.