ABSTRACT
Metallothionein (MT) is induced in the liver not only by heavy metals, but also by stress such as starvation. However, the meaning of the induced MT during starvation has never been clear. In this study, we investigated the relationship between changes in hepatic MT synthesis and the hepatic damage that occurs during starvation. MT synthesis was assessed by measuring MT contents and the expression of the MT gene in the liver. The hepatic damage was assessed by measuring glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activities in the serum. MT synthesis in the liver increased over the normal level by starvation, but decreased under the normal level by refeeding after starvation. Both GPT and GOT activities of the refeeding group were higher than those of the control group. However, MT synthesis increased by a subcutaneous injection with CdCl(2) (1 mg Cd /kg) at the same time as refeeding after starvation. At this point, GOT activity decreased until it reached the normal level. MT synthesis decreased by refeeding after starvation, and from the results found in this study, we proposed the hypothesis that the liver damage caused by refeeding after starvation might be due to the decrease in the synthesis of a sufficient amount of MT induced by metals.
Subject(s)
Liver Diseases/complications , Metallothionein/biosynthesis , Starvation/chemically induced , Alanine Transaminase/biosynthesis , Alanine Transaminase/blood , Animals , Aspartate Aminotransferases/biosynthesis , Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood , Cadmium Chloride/administration & dosage , Cadmium Chloride/pharmacokinetics , Cadmium Chloride/toxicity , Food , Gene Expression Regulation , Injections, Subcutaneous , Liver/chemistry , Liver/drug effects , Liver/physiopathology , Liver Diseases/enzymology , Liver Diseases/physiopathology , Male , Metallothionein/drug effects , Metallothionein/genetics , Mice , Mice, Inbred Strains , RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis , RNA, Messenger/genetics , Spain , Starvation/physiopathology , Time FactorsABSTRACT
To clarify the action of estrogenic endocrine disruptors on cadmium (Cd)-induced metallothionein (MT) synthesis in the liver, we investigated the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on hepatic MT-I mRNA expression and MT contents after Cd injection. Liver damage after Cd injection was assessed by measuring glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activities in the serum. It was found that BPA reduced the Cd-induced expression of MT-I mRNA and MT protein in the liver. The administration of tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor antagonist, prevented the reduction of hepatic MT content by PA. Moreover both the GPT and GOT activities of the BPA-treated groups were higher than those of the control groups. These findings suggest that BPA reduced hepatic MT synthesis after Cd injection via the estrogen receptor which resulted in increased damage to the liver.
Subject(s)
Cadmium Chloride/toxicity , Phenols/pharmacology , Receptors, Estrogen/drug effects , Alanine Transaminase/blood , Alanine Transaminase/drug effects , Animals , Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood , Aspartate Aminotransferases/drug effects , Benzhydryl Compounds , Cadmium Chloride/agonists , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Estrogen Antagonists/pharmacology , Ethanol/administration & dosage , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Liver/pathology , Male , Metallothionein/biosynthesis , Metallothionein/genetics , Mice , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Tamoxifen/pharmacologyABSTRACT
We treated a 65 year-old man with severe facial pain after extended maxillectomy due to carcinoma of maxillar sinus. He had been suffering from pain at rest, on mastication, or at treatment of surgical wound. Various kinds of analgesics had been tried, but his pain did not disappear. At 17 weeks after the operation, he came to our pain clinic. Because his pain was thought to be due to reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), stellate ganglion blocks (SGB) were performed. After 5 administrations of SGB, pain was reduced markedly but the pain at treatment of wound persisted. We thought that persistent pain would need trigeminal nerve block. Then Gasserian ganglion block was performed directly through an open wound after the operation. After the Gasserian ganglion block, the pain was diminished remarkably. He could tolerate procedures for facial prosthesis. Pain control after the operation in this patient was very efficient to improve his quality of life. Serum concentrations of catecholamines, serotonin and substance P were measured. The levels of norepinephrine and serotonin are related to the mechanism of pain as seen in this patient.