Etapa de diagnóstico del Cáncer de Próstata ¿Estamos llegando a tiempo? / Prostate cancer stage at diagnosis. Are we running late?

INTRODUCCIÓN: El cáncer de próstata es el segundo cáncer más diagnosticado en hombres en Chile y el mundo. El tamizaje modificó la etapa de diagnóstico, siendo actualmente en EE.UU. un 80 por cinto localizada, 12 por cinto compromiso regional y 4 por ciento metastásico. Tamizaje con APE no está considerado dentro de un programa nacional en Chile. El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar a la población diagnosticada de cáncer de próstata en un Hospital público en Chile. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se revisaron todas las fichas de los pacientes ingresados al GES por Cáncer de Próstata en el Hospital Carlos Van Buren de Valparaíso desde el año 2014 a 2016. RESULTADOS: Se revisaron 259 fichas y se analizaron 226. Edad promedio fue 70,5 años. 46 por ciento presentó APE sobre 20 ng/dL. 31 por ciento presentó metástasis. 42 por ciento recibió tratamiento paliativo. 57 por ciento se realizó tratamiento curativo, con edad promedio 67,4 años. De estos, 31,8 por ciento a cirugía, 68 por ciento índice Gleason <6 y 90 por ciento APE <20. 68 por ciento a RDT con o sin HT, 44 por ciento índice Gleason <6, 75 por ciento APE <20. DISCUSIÓN: El tamizaje del cáncer de próstata es un tema en discusión. En Chile no hay un programa nacional para realizar APE. Centros de atención primaria con acceso a APE tienen mayor tasa de tamizaje. La etapa al diagnóstico en nuestro centro difiere a las series de países desarrollados, siendo considerablemente superior la etapa metastásica. Esto podría deberse a la poca cobertura para detección temprana. Parece ser necesario implementar un programa nacional con cobertura de tamizaje para cáncer de próstata.(AU)

INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer is the second most diagnosed cáncer in Chile and the world. Screening modified the stage at diagnosis, beeing now in the US 80 pertcent localized, 12 pertcent with regional compromised and 4 pertcent metastatic. Screening with PSA isn't considerd within a national program in Chile. The objetive of this study is to caracterize men diagnosed with prostate cancer at a public hospital in Chile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective and descriptive study. Every patient who entered GES because of prostate cancer at the Carlos Van Buren Hospital from Valparaiso between 2014 and 2016 was review. RESULTS: 259 clinical records were review and 226 analized. Mean age was 70,5 years. 46 pertcent had PSA above 20 ng/dL. 31 % had metástasis. 42 % received paliative treatment. 57 % had curative treatment with a mean age of 67,4 years.From this group 31,8 pertcent surgery with a Gleason index <6 and 90 pertcent PSA <20. 68 pertcent had EBRT with or without HT, 44 pertcent of this group had Gleason index <6 and 75 pertcent PSA <20. DISCUSSION: Prostate cancer screening it's a debated topic. In Chile there's no national program to do a PSA. Primary care centers with acces to PSA have more rate of screening. Stage at diagnosis in our center difers from developed countries series, beeing metastatic stage considerably superior. This could be because of the low screening rate for early diagnosis. It seems necesary to implement a national program for prostate cancer screening.(AU)

Steady-state multispectral fluorescence imaging system for plant leaves.

We present a detailed description of a laboratory-based multispectral fluorescence imaging system (MFIS) for plant leaves. Fluorescence emissions with 360-nm excitation are captured at four spectral bands in the blue, green, red, and far-red regions of the spectrum centered at 450, 550, 680, and 740 nm, respectively. Preliminary experiments conducted with soybean leaves treated with a herbicide (DCMU) and short-term exposures to moderately elevated tropospheric ozone environment demonstrated the utilities of the newly developed MFIS. In addition, with the aid of fluorescence images of normal soybean leaves, several mechanisms governing the fluorescence emissions are discussed. Imaging results illustrate the versatility of fluorescence imaging, which provides information on the spatial variability of fluorescence patterns over leaf samples.

Ozone tolerance and antioxidant enzyme activity in soybean cultivars.

The current study confirmed earlier conclusions regarding differential ozone (O(3)) tolerances of two soybean cultivars, Essex and Forrest, and evaluated antioxidant enzyme activities of these two varieties based on their performance under environmentally relevant, elevated O(3) conditions. The experiment was conducted in open-top chambers in the field during the 1994 and 1995 growing seasons. Exposure of plants to moderately high O(3) levels (62.9 nl l(-1) air, 2-year seasonal average) caused chlorophyll loss and increased membrane permeability when compared to control plants grown in charcoal filtered air (24.2 nl l(-1) air). The other effects of O(3) treatment were decrease in seed yield, loss of total sulfhydryl groups, reduction of soluble protein content, and increase in guaiacol peroxidase activity in leaves of both cultivars. The O(3)-induced increase in guaiacol peroxidase activity was much smaller in cv. Essex leaflets. Cv. Essex had less leaf oxidative damage and smaller reduction in seed yield than cv. Forrest under elevated O(3) conditions. During ozonation, mature leaflets of the more O(3) tolerant cv. Essex had higher levels of glutathione reductase (30%), ascorbate peroxidase (13%), and superoxide dismutase (45%) activity than did mature leaflets of cv. Forrest. Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase, which represented 95% of total superoxide dismutase activity in the two cultivars, appeared to be increased by O(3) exposure in the leaflets of O(3) tolerant cv. Essex but not in those of cv. Forrest. Cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase activity was also higher in leaflets of cv. Essex than in cv. Forrest regardless of O(3) level. Stromal ascorbate peroxidase and Mn-superoxide dismutase activity did not appear to be involved in the O(3) tolerance of the two soybean cultivars.

Effects of enhanced O3 and CO2 enrichment on plant characteristics in wheat and corn.

The effects of CO(2) enrichment and O(3) induced stress on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) were studied in field experiments using open-top chambers to simulate the atmospheric concentrations of these two gases that are predicted to occur during the coming century. The experiments were conducted at Beltsville, MD, during 1991 (wheat and corn) and 1992 (wheat). Crops were grown under charcoal filtered (CF) air or ambient air + 40 nl liter(-1) O(3) (7 h per day, 5 days per week) having ambient CO(2) concentration (350 microl liter(-1) CO(2)) or + 150 microl liter(-1) CO(2) (12 h per day.). Averaged over O(3) treatments, the CO(2)-enriched environment had a positive effect on wheat grain yield (26% in 1991 and 15% in 1992) and dry biomass (15% in 1991 and 9% in 1992). Averaged over CO(2) treatments, high O(3) exposure had a negative impact on wheat grain yield (-15% in 1991 and -11% in 1992) and dry biomass (-11% in 1991 and -9% in 1992). Averaged over CO(2) treatments, high O(3) exposure decreased corn grain yield by 9%. No significant interactive effects were observed for either crop. The results indicated that CO(2) enrichment had a beneficial effect in wheat (C(3) crop) but not in corn (C(4) crop). It is likely that the O(3)-induced stress will be diminished under increased atmospheric CO(2) concentrations; however, maximal benefits in crop production in wheat in response to CO(2) enrichment will not be materialized under concomitant increases in tropospheric O(3) concentration.

Wheat-kernel growth characteristics during exposure to chronic ozone pollution.

Chronic exposure to ozone (O(3)) air pollution can reduce yield in wheat; however, little is known concerning the effects of O(3) stress on kernel development. A field study was conducted to investigate the effects of chronic O(3) exposure on kernel-growth components of two soft red winter-wheat genotypes (Seven and MD5518308). Five air-quality treatments, including charcoal-filtered air (CF), non-filtered air (NF), NF + 20, and NF + 40 and NF + 80 nl O(3) liter(-1) air were applied 4 h d(-1), 5 d wk(-1) through maturity. In the case of the NF + treatments, O(3) was added to existing ambient O(3) levels. Spike samples were collected 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 days after anthesis (DAA). Linear and quadratic equations were fitted to kernel-weight data to estimate kernel-growth rate (KGR) and kernel-fill duration (KFD). Effective filling period (EFP) and assimilate utilization (AU) were also determined. Rates of growth for individual kernels were 0.74 mg d(-1) and 1.07 mg d(-1) for the NF + 80 and CF treatments, respectively. The NF + 80 nL litter(-1) O(3) treatment significantly reduced KGR and AU compared with the CF treatment. Severn had a significantly loger KFD than MD5518308, but O(3) had no significant effect on KFD of either genotype. Each genotype had similar EFP values, and O(3) had no significant effect on EFP. Linear relationships between O(3) exposure and kernel weight suggests that O(3) effects on kernel weight begin soon after anthesis in MD5518308, but, in Severn, O(3) has a greater effect on kernel weight during the later stages of kernel development. These data suggest that decreased economic yield associated with chronic O(3) exposure is primarily the result of decreased KGR.

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on the polyamine levels of field-grown soybean at three O3 regimes.

Effects of increased ozone (O3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) on polyamine levels were determined in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Clark) grown in open-top field chambers. The chamber treatments consisted of three O3 regimes equal to charcoal filtered (CF), non-filtered (NF), and non-filtered plus 40 nl litre(-1) O3 and CO2 treatments equal to 350, 400 and 500 microl litre(-1) for a total of nine treatments. Leaf samples were taken at three different times during the growing season. Examination of growth and physiological characteristics, such as photosynthesis, stomatal resistance, and shoot weight, revealed that increasing CO2 ameliorated the deleterious effects of increased O3. Results from the initial harvest, at the pre-flowering growth stage (23 days of treatment), showed that increasing O3 at ambient CO2 caused increases in putrescine (Put) and spermidine (Spd) of up to six-fold. These effects were lessened with increased CO2. Elevated CO2 increased polyamines in plants treated with CF air, but had no effect in the presence of ambient or enhanced O3 levels. Leaves harvested during peak flowering (37 days of treatment) showed O3-induced increases in Put and Spd at ambient CO2 concentrations. However, increased CO2 levels inhibited this response by blocking the O3-induced polyamine increase. Leaves harvested during the pod fill stage (57 days of treatment) showed no significant O3 or CO2 effects on polyamine levels. Our results demonstrate that current ambient O3 levels induce the accumulation of Put and Spd early in the growing season and that further increases in O3 could result in even greater polyamine increases. These results are consistent with a possible antiozonant function for polyamines. The ability of increased CO2 to protect soybeans from O3 damage, however, does not appear to involve polyamine accumulation.

Response of abscisic acid in soybean leaves to NO2 exposure.

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) cv. 'Williams' plants were exposed 0.0, 0.05, 0.2 and 0.4 microl litre(-1) NO(2) under controlled environment. Amount of abscisic acid (ABA) was measured after either 7 h or 5 days of exposure as well as after 18 h of recovery period. For quantitative analysis of ABA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used. A significant increase (160%) was observed in plants treated with 0.4 microl litre(-1) NO(2) for 5 days compared to an increase of only 82% on exposure for 7 h. Rate of recovery for plants treated with low doses of NO(2) was higher than those treated with higher doses.

Residual metal concentrations in soils and leaf accumulations in tobacco a decade following farmland application of municipal sludge.

The objectives of this investigation were to examine the long-term residual effects of metal loading through sewage sludge applications on the total vs. diethylene triamine pentacetic acid (DTPA) extractable metal concentrations in soil and leaf accumulations in tobacco. Maryland tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), cv. 'MD 609', was grown in 1983 and 1984 at two sites in Maryland that had been amended in 1972 with dewatered, digested sewage sludge from washington, DC, at rates equal to 0, 56, 112 and 224 mg ha(-1). The metal concentrations in the sludge, in mg kg(-1) dry weight, were: 1300 Zn, 570 Cu, 280 Pb, 45 Ni and 13 Cd. Soil samples collected from the surface horizon and composite leaf samples of cured tobacco were analyzed for total Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Pb, Ni and Cd concentrations. The soil samples were also examined for soil pH and DTPA extractable metals. Equations were generated using polynomic and stepwise regression analyses which described the relationships between total vs. DTPA extractable soil metals, and between DTPA soil and soil pH vs. plant metal concentrations, respectively. Significant increases were observed for both total and DTPA extractable metal concentrations for all metals, with all but total Mn and Ni being significant for linear and quadratic effects regarding sludge rates. However, linear relationships were found between DTPA extractable vs. total soil concentrations for all elements except Pb and Ni which were quadratic. Significant increases in plant Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni and Cd and decreases in Fe were observed with increased sludge rates. Plant Pb levels were unaffected by sludge applied Pb. Linear relationships were observed between plant Zn and Cd and DTPA soil metal levels: however, Mn and Cu levels were described by quadratic and cubic relationship, respectively. Relationships between plant Fe and Pb and DTPA extractable concentrations were nonsignificant. Additional safeguards to protect crop contamination from heavy metals such as Cd were discussed.

Influence of ozone stress on growth processes, yields and grain quality characteristics among soybean cultivars.

Field studies were conducted at USDA Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, in 1984 and 1985 using open-top chambers to acquire information on the responses of 12 soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cultivars to O3 stress and to examine the interactions between maturity groups and O3 stress. Cultivars representing Groups III, IV, and V were exposed for approximately 3 months to charcoal-filtered air (CF) and nonfiltered air plus 40 nl litre(-1) O3 (NF + O3). Ozone was added 6 h d(-1), 5 d week(-1) for 13 weeks. The CF effectively reduced the accumulative oxidant exposure (AOX) to less than 1.0 microl litre(-1) h and the NF + O3 treatment approximately doubled the ambient AOX (16.7 microl litre(-1) h) to about 30 microl litre(-1) h. The AOX estimates the total O3 exposure above 30 nl litre(-1) during an entire growing season. Plant growth rates and relative growth rates were reduced by 17.0 and 14.4%, respectively, when averaged over cultivars. Based on growth rates, the Group III cultivars were the most affected by O3 stress. Averaged over cultivars, leaf expansion rates, leaf conductance, and transpiration rates were lower in the NF + O3 treatment compared to the CF control; however, wide variation was found with the stomatal results from field observations. Combined over years and cultivars, grain yield was reduced by an average of 12.5% by O3 stress with 3 of 12 cultivars showing significant reductions. Grain protein content was increased by 0.7% by O3 stress, but cultivar differences were equal to the differences caused by the O3 treatments. Grain oil content was unchanged by the O3 treatments. Group IV cultivars showed the greatest decrease in grain yield due to O3 stress. Multiple regression analyses were calculated using the difference between the CF and NF + O3 treatment as a measure of O3 stress. Significant positive relationships were found among net assimilation rates, plant growth rates, relative growth rates, and leaf expansion rates, which suggest that growth analysis characteristics would be useful in addition to yield in air pollution tolerance improvement studies with soybeans.

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen content of soybean.

One-month-old soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill), cultivar 'Williams', plants were exposed to nitrogen dioxide (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 ppm) and carbon filtered air (control), 7 h per day, for 5 days, under a controlled environment. Leaf chlorophyll content (Ch a, Ch b, and total Ch content) and foliar nitrogen content (%N) were determined before and after the exposure. The influence of NO(2) treatments up to 0.3 ppm on leaf chlorophyll content was negligible although a stimulatory effect was evident in Ch a and total Ch content with 0.2 ppm NO(2). Marked decline in Ch content was observed with 0.5 ppm treatment; the reductions in Ch a and total Ch were 45% and 47%, respectively. Foliar-N contents of plants treated with 0.2 and 0.3 ppm NO(2) were higher than the control; plants exposed to 0.5 ppm NO(2) showed a 41% reduction in foliar-N compared to pre-exposure values.