Wellbeing and mental health outcomes amongst hospital healthcare workers during COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Global healthcare systems have been particularly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are widely reported to have experienced increased levels of baseline psychological distress relative to the general population, and the COVID-19 pandemic may have had an additive effect. However, previous studies are typically restricted to physicians and nurses with limited data available on hospital HCWs. We aimed to conduct a cross-sectional, psychological evaluation of Irish HCWs during COVID-19. METHODS: HCWs across five adult acute level-4 Dublin-based hospitals completed an online survey of wellbeing and COVID-19 experience. RESULTS: There were 1898 HCWs who commenced the survey representing 10% of the total employee base. The sample comprised nurses (33%), doctors (21%), Health and Social Care Professionals (HSCPs) (24%) and 'Other' disciplines (22%), and 81% identified as female. Clinical levels of depression, anxiety and PTSD symptoms were endorsed by 31%, 34% and 28% of respondents, respectively. Professional grouping effects included: nurses reporting significantly greater levels of COVID-19 exposure, infection, COVID-fear, moral injury, and post-traumatic distress; HSCPs were significantly less likely to report mood dysfunction. In terms of gender, males were significantly less likely to report negative pandemic experiences, low resilience, and significantly more likely to endorse 'minimal' depression, anxiety, and traumatic distress. Logistic regression modelling revealed mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety and PTSD symptoms) were associated with increased frontline exposure, fewer career years' experience, elevated pre-pandemic stress, and female gender. DISCUSSION: To our knowledge, this is the largest evaluation of psychological wellbeing amongst HCWs in acute hospitals in the Dublin region. Our findings have implications for healthcare workforce wellbeing and future service delivery.

A pilot in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of amino acid neurotransmitter response to ketamine treatment of major depressive disorder.

The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine can improve major depressive disorder (MDD) within hours. To evaluate the putative role of glutamatergic and GABAergic systems in ketamine's antidepressant action, medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) levels of glutamate+glutamine (Glx) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were measured before, during, and after ketamine administration using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Ketamine (0.5 mg kg(-1) intravenously) was administered to 11 depressed patients with MDD. Glx and GABA mPFC responses were measured as ratios relative to unsuppressed voxel tissue water (W) successfully in 8/11 patients. Ten of 11 patients remitted (50% reduction in 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and total score ⩽10) within 230 min of commencing ketamine. mPFC Glx/W and GABA/W peaked at 37.8%±7.5% and 38.0%±9.1% above baseline in ~26 min. Mean areas under the curve for Glx/W (P=0.025) and GABA/W (P=0.005) increased and correlated (r=0.796; P=0.018). Clinical improvement correlated with 90-min norketamine concentration (df=6, r=-0.78, P=0.023), but no other measures.

Methemoglobinemia from perineal application of an anesthetic cream.

A 34-year-old woman presented with cyanosis and a methemoglobin level of 23.2% after perineal application of a topical anesthetic cream containing 20% benzocaine. Many commonly used products contain high levels of benzocaine, and their use can lead to life-threatening methemoglobin levels. This case reinforces the need for stricter guidelines for product use and warning labels to alert consumers to this potential side effect of topical benzocaine-containing products sold over the counter.

Satanism, ritual abuse, and multiple personality disorder: a sociohistorical perspective.

During the past decade in North America, a growing number of mental health professionals have reported that between 25% and 50% of their patients in treatment for multiple personality disorder (MPD) have recovered early childhood traumatic memories of ritual torture, incestuous rape, sexual debauchery, sacrificial murder, infanticide, and cannibalism perpetrated by members of clandestine satanic cults. Although hundreds of local and federal police investigations have failed to corroborate patients' therapeutically constructed accounts, because the satanic etiology of MPD is logically coherent with the neodissociative, traumatic theory of psychopathology, conspiracy theory has emerged as the nucleus of a consistent pattern of contemporary clinical interpretation. Resolutely logical and thoroughly operational, ultrascientific psychodemonology remains paradoxically oblivious to its own irrational premises. When the hermetic logic of conspiracy theory is stripped away by historical and socio/psychological analysis, however, the hypothetical perpetrators of satanic ritual abuse simply disappear, leaving in their wake the very real human suffering of all those who have been caught up in the social delusion.

Do parental concerns predict a diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Parents' concerns for their children's behavior were investigated to predict a diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in this retrospective comparative study of 245 children, aged 4 through 15 years (mean = 8.1 years), consecutively referred for comprehensive pediatric evaluation of school problems between 1981 and 1992. Concerns identified by parents were categorized (inattention, impulsivity, overactivity) and compared to children's final diagnoses of ADHD to measure their sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value. For 92% of subjects, significant school-related problems were diagnosed and 38% received a diagnosis of ADHD. Parental concern for one or more major symptoms of ADHD identified almost all of the children with a diagnosis of ADHD (sensitivity = .87), but also identified many children without such a diagnosis (specificity = .41). Concerns with impulsivity and overactivity were specific (.82, .87) but not sensitive (.38, .29). Concerns with attention had modest sensitivity (.57) and specificity (.57). Positive predictive value was modest for all categories of concerns (.45 to .57). Findings support the importance of eliciting parents' concerns for their children's school performance and of performing comprehensive assessment to identify the underlying causes of problems with attention.

Embodied alternative identities. Bearing witness to a world that might have been.

In all cultures, embodied alternative identities provoke powerful reactions among those who observe and interact with them. Although these entities are invariably understood to reflect intense subjective experiences, they represent much more than a public expression of a pathologic mental disorder. They form an integral part of the meaningful, highly complex, symbolic systems that both inform and reflect the local cultures in which they emerge. Consequently, an understanding of just how these entities learn to understand themselves may be the cross-cultural key to an understanding of just what they are.

Incest: a laughing matter.

Although incestuous rape is considered to be the most prevalent and most devastating form of child sexual abuse being reported in the United States, a review of the most popular child sexual abuse prevention programs currently being marketed, purportedly for use with very young children, reveals that none of them explicitly deals with the subject. This lacuna is routinely justified on the grounds that the transmission of detailed conceptual knowledge of sexual violence violates the "innocence" of children, either frightening them or provoking precocious, possibly pathological behavior. The following analysis of the context and content of the Chulupi Indian myth, "The Man You Could Say Nothing To," unmasks this attitude as a cultural bias which permeates child sexual abuse prevention programs. By maintaining the silence which surrounds incest, one potentially becomes part of the problem that one seeks to resolve.

Interaction of the B subunit of cholera toxin with endogenous ganglioside GM1 causes changes in membrane potential of rat thymocytes.

The fluorescent anionic dye, bisoxonol, and flow cytometry have been used to monitor changes in the membrane potential of rat thymocytes exposed to the B subunit of cholera toxin. The B subunit induced a rapid hyperpolarization, which was due to activation of a Ca2+-sensitive K+ channel. Reduction of extracellular Ca2+ to less than 1 microM by the addition of [ethylene-bis(oxyethylenenitrilo)]tetraacetic acid immediately abolished the hyperpolarization caused by the B subunit. Cells treated with quinine and tetraethylammonium lost their ability to respond to the B subunit, whereas 4-aminopyridine did not have any effect. Thus, calcium-sensitive and not voltage-gated K+ channels appeared to be responsible for the hyperpolarization. The results of ion substitution experiments indicated that extracellular Na+ was not essential for changes in membrane potential. Further studies with ouabain, amiloride and furosemide demonstrated that electrogenic Na+/K+ ATPase, Na+/H+ antiporter and Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter, respectively, were not involved in the hyperpolarization process induced by the B subunit. Thus, crosslinking of several molecules of ganglioside GM1 on the cell surface of rat thymocytes by the pentavalent B subunit of cholera toxin modulated plasma membrane permeability to K+ by triggering the opening of Ca2+-sensitive K+ channels. A role for gangliosides in regulating ion permeability would have important implications for the function of gangliosides in various cellular phenomena.

On the biophysics of transmembrane signalling.

Transmembrane signalling involves a number of physical translocations, changes in proximity of membrane elements like receptor subunits, or sequestration of proteins from the membrane. The monitoring of such changes with flow cytometric energy transfer revealed a new putative subunit of the IL-2 receptor and a possible intermolecular interaction between HLA class I and class II antigens. Lateral diffusion of the components of the multi-subunit IL-2 receptor was also followed. Changes in the intracellular pH were considered as a measure of efficient signal transfer in a number of cases. An overview and critical comparison of data is presented in the paper.

Severe or marginal copper deficiency results in a graded reduction in immune status in mice.

From birth mice received diets containing copper at 0.5, 1, 2 or 6 mg/kg diet. At 8 wk of age they were killed and copper status and immune responsiveness were determined. Only the groups that received copper at 0.5 or 1 mg/kg showed signs of copper deficiency, such as reduced serum ceruloplasmin, hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cell counts and characteristic changes in organ pathology. Body and lymphoid organ weights were altered in the groups that received copper at 0.5 or 1 mg/kg. Males were more severely affected than females. A dose-related reduction in splenic T-cell subpopulations was noted in the 0.5 and 1 mg/kg groups. Responses to lipopolysaccharide challenge were reduced, and an increase in spontaneous cycling cells was noted in the groups receiving copper at 0.5 or 1 mg/kg. Only the group receiving copper at 0.5 mg/kg had increased stem cell activity; this increase was probably due to increased erythropoiesis to meet increased demands for red blood cells in this group. These data indicate that only groups receiving copper at 0.5 or 1 mg/kg in the diet were depleted and marginally depleted in copper, respectively, and that immune hyporesponsiveness differs between the depleted and marginally depleted groups.

Procainamide induces a transitory impairment of B cell mitogenesis in beagle dogs.

Beagle dogs (3 to 6 years old) were treated with 100-150 mg procainamide HC1/kg/day. After 2, 5, and 9 months of treatment, peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated and stimulated with pokeweed mitogen. The data demonstrated a suppression of mitogenesis only at 2 and 5 months after procainamide treatment. The lymphocytes from dogs treated for 9 months had a normal response to pokeweed mitogen. At no time during this experiment were any significant levels of serum antinuclear antibodies detected nor was any change in the number of cycling lymphocytes apparent in the experimental versus control groups. The resting membrane potential of both control and experimental groups was similar and pokeweed mitogen depolarized the cells from both groups.

Dietary copper deficiency and autoimmunity in the NZB mouse.

NZB mice were exposed from birth to a diet either adequate or deficient in copper. By age 6 wk the mice exposed to the copper-deficient diet showed symptoms characteristic of copper deficiency (anemia, hypoceruloplasminemia, and achromatrichia). The splenic lymphocytes from the copper-deficient group had reduced numbers of cells expressing the following surface markers: Ly-5, Ly-1, B-220, and sIg. Less than 10% of the splenic lymphocytes in this group were cycling, as determined by flow cytometry analysis. The spontaneous 96-h anti-ss-DNA levels in the copper-deficient group were lower than those in the control group. The exogenous colony-forming units (CFUs) were significantly enhanced in the copper-deficient mice. The decreased splenic lymphoid populations, decreased anti-ss-DNA titers, and increased exogenous CFUs in the copper-deficient mice appear to be due to an increase in erythropoiesis at the expense of lymphopoiesis.

Cyclosporin depolarizes human lymphocytes: earliest observed effect on cell metabolism.

Cyclosporin A (CsA) produced dose-dependent membrane depolarization of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The phenomenon was investigated applying the membrane potential probe dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide in a flow cytometer in combination with ionophores, hormones and monoclonal antibodies binding to different subclasses of lymphocytes and the anti-interleukin 2 receptor antibody. Human interferon-gamma abolished the depolarizing effect of cyclosporin on lymphocytes. Interleukin 2 caused depolarization and also enhanced the effect of CsA. OKT4 and OKT8 monoclonal antibodies slightly hindered depolarization by CsA while OKT3, OKT11 and OKIa1 antibodies had no such effect. Valinomycin decreased CsA's effect on the membrane potential while the ionophore A-23187 and ionomycin caused depolarizations that were additive with CsA's. CsA treatment released the isotope from 42K-loaded human lymphocytes in a dose-dependent fashion. CsA addition increased intracellular calcium content. CsA decreased the motional freedom of a spin probe in the membrane, but did not hinder the binding of fluoresceinated antibodies to the cell surface. These results suggest immediate alteration in membrane structure upon CsA treatment, causing potassium leakage and calcium ion uptake. These are the earliest detected effects of CsA on cells so far.

Immune dysfunction in rats fed a diet deficient in copper.

Rat pups maintained on copper (Cu)-adequate (6ppm), Cu-deficient (2 ppm) or Cu-depleted (0 ppm) diets from parturition were killed at 8-wk. Liver Cu and serum-ceruloplasmin levels confirmed that on the 0- and 2-ppm diets, a Cu-deficient state was induced. Although body weight was unaffected by the deficiency, the liver, heart, and thymus weights (% body weight) were altered. Hepatomegaly occurred in females fed 0-ppm Cu and males fed 2-ppm Cu. Heart weights increased in both sexes fed 0-ppm Cu. Thymus weights decreased in male rats fed 0-ppm Cu. Antibody titers and natural killer-cell cytotoxicity were markedly suppressed in the animals fed 0-ppm Cu. Male rats given 2-ppm Cu showed reduced antibody titer. Delayed-type hypersensitivity and prostaglandin E2 levels were not significantly affected. These studies suggest that certain components of the immune system are Cu dependent.

Cyclosporin A depolarizes cytoplasmic membrane potential and interacts with Ca2+ ionophores.

Cytoplasmic membrane potential of mouse lymphocytes was determined with flow cytometry and fluorescence spectroscopy using 3,3'-dihexylcarbocyanine iodide (DiOC6(3)). The amount of this lipophilic cation incorporated into the cytoplasmic membrane is dependent upon the transmembrane potential, so the dye is suitable for continuous monitoring of this parameter, under controlled conditions. Membrane potential of the cells was decreased in the presence of cyclosporin A and cyclosporin G in a dose-dependent manner. However, the depolarization caused by Ca2+ ionophores, ionomycin and A23187, was reduced in the presence of cyclosporin A. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy with 5-doxylstearic acid as a probe indicated that cyclosporin A decreased the apparent motional freedom of membrane lipids. These data suggest incorporation of cyclosporin A into the cytoplasmic membrane, causing changes in ion fluxes. The membrane potential change induced by cyclosporin A may have selective biological consequences in certain subpopulations of lymphocytes.

Alopecia induced in young mice by exposure to excess dietary zinc.

Second generation mice were exposed to normal (50 ppm, Group I) or excess (2000 ppm, Group II) zinc in the maternal diet during gestation and lactation, then weaned and continued on the mother's diet until sacrifice at 8 weeks. Tibia zinc reflected dietary intake. Group II had reduced plasma copper, body weight, and hematocrit; the second coat of hair appeared late and was lighter in color than Group I, possibly as an effect of copper and pigmentation development and hair growth.

Cytoplasmic membrane potential of mouse lymphocytes is decreased by cyclosporins.

Membrane potential of mouse lymphocytes was investigated in the presence and absence of cyclosporin A (CsA) and cyclosporin G (CsG) by flow cytometry and fluorescence spectroscopy. A carbocyanine dye, dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide [DIOC6(3)], was applied as a membrane potential probe. A dose-dependent decrease in the membrane potential of T and B lymphocytes was observed in the presence of CsA and CsG. However, pretreatment of lymphocytes with insulin reduced the effect of the cyclosporins. Mobile ionophores, such as valinomycin, ionomycin and A23187 were less effective in changing the membrane potential of lymphocytes in the presence of CsA. The channel forming ionophore, gramicidin or high extra-cellular potassium concentration (160 mM) strongly reduced the membrane potential regardless of the absence or presence the CsA. These observations suggest incorporation of CsA into the cytoplasmic membrane causing changes in ion fluxes. Other reported biochemical effects of CsA may be secondary to the observed membrane potential changes. The membrane potential change induced by CsA may have selective biological consequences in a certain subpopulation of lymphocytes.

Suppression of antibody response by excess dietary zinc exposure during certain stages of ontogeny.

A study was made of the effects of excess dietary zinc on the antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in mice. C57BL/6J mice were divided into 10 different dietary groups and exposed to diets containing zinc in normal (50 ppm) or excess (2000 ppm) concentrations during gestation/lactation/postweaning development in the sequences (1) 50/50/50; (2) 50/50/2000; (3) 2000/50/50; (4) 2000/2000/50; (5) 2000/50/2000; (6) 50/2000/50; (7) 50/2000/2000; (8) 2000/2000/2000; (9) 50/50/50 (pair-fed); and (10) chow/chow/chow. Mice in group 8 had severe signs of copper deficiency at 8 weeks of age, such as reduced plasma copper, lowered plasma hematocrit, and achromotrichia. Mice receiving 2000 ppm zinc during gestation had fewer offspring per litter (measured at 2 weeks of age) and more nonviable births than mice given 50 ppm zinc during gestation. The growth curve of mice exposed to excess zinc in the 50/50/2000 group was identical to that of the control (50/50/50) group. Growth curves for all other groups were reduced by varying amounts. The plaque-forming cell response to SRBC was reduced only in the groups receiving 50/2000/2000 and 2000/2000/2000 ppm zinc (P less than 0.05); this reduced response was not associated with atrophy of the lymphoid organs. Splenic cell surface markers and mitogenic responsiveness were similar in the 50/50/50 and 2000/2000/2000 groups. These results suggest that the immune response is more susceptible to dietary manipulation during development than after the immune response has been developed.