ABSTRACT
Depression and impaired quality of life (QoL) are frequently observed in patients suffering from HIV-infection. As an enhanced degradation of the serotonin precursor tryptophan is well documented in HIV-infected patients, disturbances in tryptophan metabolism may be causally linked to HIV-related depression. In this study, the relationship between QoL, depression, various laboratory parameters and tryptophan metabolism was investigated. To estimate QoL and mood, 152 HIV-infected patients (classified according to CDC-criteria) were requested to complete the following psychological questionnaires: BDI and MQoL-HIV. Disease progression was monitored by determination of viral load (VL), CD4(+) cell counts, haemoglobin and urinary/plasma neopterin, tryptophan and kynurenine concentrations. Increasing VL, decreasing CD4(+) cell counts, and enhanced tryptophan degradation reflected disease progression. Forty-one patients presented with mild, 22 with moderate and 14 with severe depression. BDI and MQoL scores were associated strongly with each other (rs=-0.838; p<0.001). Patients without depression had significantly lower plasma neopterin concentrations, higher CD4(+) cell counts and haemoglobin concentrations and better QoL scores (all p<0.01) than depressive patients. Furthermore, they showed lower rates of tryptophan degradation (p<0.05). Significant associations were observed between tryptophan degradation and immune activation. Haemoglobin and viral load were predictive for impaired QoL, while high urinary neopterin concentrations and low haemoglobin were the best predictors for depression. In HIV-infected patients, depressive mood and impaired QoL appear to be related to clinical parameters like immune activation, haemoglobin values and viral load.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections/immunology , HIV Infections/psychology , Immunity/physiology , Quality of Life , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/psychology , Adult , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology , Depression/etiology , Depression/immunology , Depression/virology , Disease Progression , Female , HIV Infections/complications , Health Status Indicators , Hemoglobins/analysis , Humans , Kynurenine/blood , Kynurenine/metabolism , Kynurenine/urine , Male , Middle Aged , Neopterin/blood , Neopterin/metabolism , Neopterin/urine , Predictive Value of Tests , Psychological Tests , Regression Analysis , Surveys and Questionnaires , Tryptophan/blood , Tryptophan/metabolism , Tryptophan/urine , Viral Load/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the psychometric properties of the recently developed German version of the Multidimensional Quality of Life Questionnaire for HIV/AIDS (MQOL-HIV) and to test its performance in a sample of HIV-infected patients. METHODS: Two-hundred and seven outpatients with HIV/AIDS were interviewed with the German version of the MQOL-HIV; 109 patients were interviewed a second time approximately 2 weeks later. Patients also completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHODAS II). RESULTS: The German version of the MQOL-HIV showed satisfactory internal consistency (r: 0.74-0.85, sexual functioning: r = 0.61) and test-retest reliability in most subscales (r: 0.74-0.89, medical care: r = 0.67). Convergent validity with WHO-DAS II and BDI was satisfactory for most domains. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a seven-factor solution with separate factors for physical, emotional, cognitive, social and financial aspects, sexual functioning and medical care. CD4 count and source of infection were associated with most QOL domains, whereas age and gender showed no major impact on QOL. High rates of missing values were seen in the partnership domain and substantial ceiling effects in the area of medical care. CONCLUSIONS: Overall the German version of the MQOL-HIV showed satisfactory reliability and validity. However, the domains of partnership, sexuality and medical care should generally receive more emphasis in future research on QOL assessment in patients with HIV/AIDS and the MQOL-HIV may be improved in these domains.
