Assessment of the appropriateness of hand surface coverage for health care workers according to World Health Organization hand hygiene guidelines.

We monitored hand surface coverage technique in health care workers in a tertiary care hospital using a 5-item hand hygiene assessment tool based on World Health Organization guidelines. Overall hand hygiene compliance was 86.7% (4,300/4,960). Appropriate hand surface coverage was observed in only 7.9% (182/2,297) of hand hygiene procedures.

Clonal spread of Staphylococcus aureus heterogeneously resistant to vancomycin in a university hospital in Korea.

Since vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) was first reported in Japan in 1997, there has been great concern that heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (hetero-VISA) is the putative precursor of VISA. To investigate the prevalence, clinical significance, and molecular epidemiology of S. aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin, all consecutive isolates of S. aureus isolated from clinical specimens from December 1998 to August 1999 at Asan Medical Center were screened for VISA and hetero-VISA by using brain heart infusion agar containing 4 microg of vancomycin/ml. Screen-positive isolates were confirmed by susceptibility testing and population analysis of subpopulations with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. The isolates confirmed as hetero-VISA were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Medical records were reviewed to evaluate the clinical significance and risk factors for the acquisition of hetero-VISA. Of the 4,483 isolates that were tested, 53 were screen positive; no VISA was detected, but 24 isolates (0.54%) from 22 patients were hetero-VISA. All but two strains appeared to be clones of the Korean VISA strain, AMC11094, in the PFGE analysis. A total of 18 patients were in intensive care units, and 16 underwent major surgeries during the same admission. Only 10 of the 22 patients had previous methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections and 11 had previous vancomycin or teicoplanin therapy. Only 7 of the 22 patients from whom hetero-VISA strains were isolated were infected, and the remaining 15 patients were colonized. All seven infected patients were successfully treated with vancomycin. These results suggest that hetero-VISA can be treated with vancomycin, but the spread of hetero-VISA clonal to VISA is of concern, since many believe that VISA can arise from hetero-VISA, although this phenomenon was not observed in this study.