ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Acquisition of HIV primary drug resistant (PDR) infection can lead to poor virologic and clinical outcomes in individuals and hampers public health efforts in epidemic control. Monitoring PDR in HIV-positive blood donors can be used to inform nationwide trends in the spread of drug-resistant HIV strains. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study using genetic sequence analysis to assess HIV pol sequences, PDR, and risk factors for infection using audio computer-assisted structured interviews in four large blood centers in Brazil from 2007 to 2017. RESULTS: Of 716 HIV-positive blood donors, 504 (70.4%) were successfully sequenced. HIV clade B (73.2%) was the most prevalent subtype, followed by a mix of non-B (21.2%) sub-types. A twofold increase (from 4% to 8%) in recombinants prevalence was observed during the study period. Sixty-four (12.7%) presented PDR. Overall, HIV PDR prevalence remained stable during the study period. Drug resistance mutations for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were found in 39 (7.7%) donors, while for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were found in 26 (5.1%), and for protease inhibitors in 24 (4.8%) of HIV-infected donors. We did not find statistically significant differences in demographics, behavioural risk factors, or HIV genotypes when comparing volunteers with and without PDR. CONCLUSION: The HIV PDR rate among donors remained stable during the study period. HIV-positive blood donors can be an informative population to monitor primary HIV resistance and ultimately may help to increase the knowledge and awareness of HIV risk factors and PDR.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Blood Donors , Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics , HIV Infections/virology , HIV-1/drug effects , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Genotype , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/transmission , HIV-1/genetics , Health Risk Behaviors , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Mutation , Risk Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
Our purpose was to investigate the prognostic impact of overweight/obesity in 5-year event-free survival (EFS) in a cohort of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We retrospectively analyzed 181 newly diagnosed ALL children enrolled between 1990 and 2009 and treated with Berlin-Frankfurt-Munich (BFM) protocols. The majority of children in our cohort were <10 years-old. Our data clearly indicated that overweight/obesity is an independent predictor of relapse risk, mainly in the intermediate- and high-risk groups (HR) of children. These results could be explained by changes in the chemotherapy pharmacokinetics in overweight/obese patients and by the antiapoptotic effects in leukemic cells caused by adipocytes.
