ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Cosmetic contact lenses are increasingly popular because of their eye enhancing cosmetic benefits. The pigment particles used in these lenses can impact lens surface characteristics. This article examines the surface characteristics and the differences between the clear and the pigmented regions among five limbal ring design lenses. METHODS: Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the location and depth of the pigment particles from the lens surface. The coefficient of friction (CoF) was determined with a Basalt-MUST microtribometer at clear and pigmented regions on either the front or the back surface. Atomic force microscopy was used to determine the surface roughness of each lens in root-mean-square (RMS) units at clear and pigmented regions. A linear mixed model for repeated measures was used for the analysis of the CoF and RMS roughness to compare all lenses. RESULTS: Four lens types had pigments exposed on the surface and one lens type had pigment fully enclosed. The CoF difference between clear and pigmented regions were similar and not statistically significant (P=0.0124) for the lens type with pigments enclosed, whereas the CoF difference for the other four lens types showed statistically significant difference (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Of the lenses tested here, cosmetic contact lenses with pigments enclosed in the lens matrix provided a more consistent surface between clear and pigmented regions compared with lenses that had exposed pigments.
Subject(s)
Coloring Agents , Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic , Cosmetics/chemistry , Surface Properties , Coloring Agents/analysis , Humans , Materials Testing/methods , Microscopy, Atomic Force , Microscopy, Electron, ScanningABSTRACT
The existence of an osmotic gradient between the vesicular contents of chromaffin and mast cells and the extracellular fluid plays a key role in the exocytotic process. Altering this gradient by elevating the external buffer osmolarity allows for the inhibition of exocytosis from cells and isolation and identification of prespike current events upon stimulation using cyclic voltammetry. Subsequent replacement of the osmotic gradient leads to release of the contents from fused vesicles.
Subject(s)
Exocytosis , Hypertonic Solutions/pharmacology , Membrane Fusion , Animals , Chromaffin Cells/metabolism , Electrophysiology , Mast Cells/metabolism , Microscopy, Confocal , Osmolar Concentration , Osmosis , Peritoneum/cytologyABSTRACT
The oxidation of catecholamines with a carbon-fiber electrode can be used to monitor exocytosis at the single cell level at a variety of different types of cells. These measurements allow release to be followed from individual vesicles and have revealed several unique aspects concerning the coupling between release and storage. The strong association of the vesicular components in chromaffin cells dictates the time course of extrusion of the vesicle contents. Furthermore, liberation of the Ca(2+) normally stored within the vesicles can promote exocytosis without an external Ca(2+) source.
Subject(s)
Chromaffin Cells/physiology , Electrophysiology/methods , Animals , Calcium/metabolism , Chromaffin Cells/metabolism , Electrodes , Exocytosis , Mast Cells/physiology , Neurons/metabolismABSTRACT
The release and clearance of electrically evoked catecholamine (CA) in the ventral portion of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTV) in mouse brain slices was evaluated with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFME). Uptake in this region was observed to be markedly slower than in the caudate putamen (CPu). Clearance rates were reduced in the BSTV in both norepinephrine transporter knockout (NET KO) and dopamine transporter knockout (DAT KO) mice when compared to results in wild-type (WT) mice. However, uptake was faster in the BSTV in both the DAT and NET KO mice than in the CPu of DAT KO mice. This indicates that both transporters play a role in CA clearance in the BSTV. The transporters restrict extracellular CA to the general area of the BSTV, as revealed by the diminished signal as the CFME is moved sequentially further and further from the site where CA release is evoked. However, in slices from the DAT KOs and NET KOs, CA release could be observed outside of the BSTV region during such experiments. These results show that the low rate uptake in the BSTV facilitates extrasynaptic diffusion of catecholamine, but that uptake still regulates and limits the range of the transmitter to the region. Slower clearance from the extracellular fluid allows the released CA to act as a volume transmitter and diffuse to distant sites within the region to exert its neurochemical action.
