ABSTRACT
Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is a severe complication after lung transplantation (LTX). In a retrospective cohort study 12 stable healthy recipients (non-BOS) and eight patients with BOS were enrolled after LTX and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9, TIMP-1 and cell characteristics in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples (n = 145) were analysed. BALs from patients with BOS were further divided according to whether they were obtained before (pre-BOS) or after manifestation of BOS (BOS group). The MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio was significantly increased in the BOS group compared with non-BOS or pre-BOS; furthermore, the ratio was negatively correlated with forced expiratory volume in one second. In zymography, the active form of MMP-9 was detected predominantly in the BOS group. In addition, zymography showed the banding pattern of neutrophil-derived MMP-9, indicating that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) were the main source of MMP-9. According to that, MMP-9 was significantly correlated with the number of PMN. In immunocytochemistry, MMP-9 was also associated predominantly with PMN. This is the first study to evaluate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-1 over time during manifestation of a fibroproliferative lung disease in patients. It demonstrates development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation is associated with an imbalance of matrix metalloproteinases-9/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 ratio.
Subject(s)
Bronchiolitis Obliterans/enzymology , Bronchiolitis Obliterans/etiology , Lung Transplantation/adverse effects , Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism , Adult , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry , Cell Count , Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neutrophils/metabolism , Reference Values , Respiratory Function Tests , Retrospective Studies , Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1/metabolismABSTRACT
The scolices of six different trypanorhynch species--Heteronybelinia alloiotica (Dollfus, 1960), Pseudolacistorhynchus noodti Palm, 1995, Otobothrium cysticum (Mayer, 1842), O. penetrans Linton, 1907, Poecilancistrum caryophyllum (Diesing, 1850), and Prochristianella hispida (Linton, 1890)--were examined for surface morphology and the occurrence of sensory receptors. Filamentous microtriches with different internal ultrastructural features were found. Acerosate, hook-like, and spiniform microtriches were detected on the surface of the tentaculariid H. alloiotica. Their internal structure clearly differed from that of pectinate microtriches observed in the other five trypanorhynch species lacking a basal and a junctional region. All pectinate microtriches had the same general architecture, independent of the number of digitiform processes. All trypanorhynchs studied harbored ciliated sensory receptors within the tegument. Even though sensory receptors were scarce in H. alloiotica, they were more abundant in the lacistorhynchid P. noodti and the otobothriids P. caryophyllum and O. penetrans, which exhibited two, six, and three kinds of receptors, respectively. Bothridial pits in O. penetrans and O. cysticum were invaginations of the bothridial surface, being characterized by the lack of sensory receptors and the presence of characteristic microtriches. These differed from other microtriches in that they were larger and had a base consisting of a widely enlarged matrix. The occurrence of different kinds of microtriches and sensory receptors within trypanorhynch cestodes is summarized, and the meaning of these surface structures and of bothridial pits as characters within future trypanorhynch classification is emphasized.
