ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a new sonographic method to measure depth and width of proximal urethral dilation during coughing and Valsalva maneuver and to report its use in a group of stress-incontinent and continent women. METHODS: Fifty-eight women were evaluated, 30 with and 28 without stress incontinence proven urodynamically, with a bladder volume of 300 mL and the subjects upright. Urethral pressure profiles at rest were performed with a 10 French microtip pressure catheter. Bladder neck dilation and descent were assessed by perineal ultrasound (5 MHz curved linear array transducer) with the help of ultrasound contrast medium (galactose suspension-Echovist-300), whereas abdominal pressure was assessed with an intrarectal balloon catheter. Statistical analysis used the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: The depth and diameter of urethral dilation could be measured in all women. During Valsalva, all 30 incontinent women exhibited urethral dilation. One incontinent woman showed dilation only while performing a Valsalva maneuver, not during coughing. In the continent group, 12 women presented dilation during Valsalva and six during coughing. In continent women, dilation was visible only in those who were parous. Nulliparous women did not have dilation during Valsalva or coughing. Bladder neck descent was visible in continent and incontinent women. CONCLUSION: This method permits quantification of depth and diameter of bladder neck dilation, showing that both incontinent and continent women might have bladder neck dilation and that urinary continence can be established at different locations along the urethra in different women. Parity seems to be a main prerequisite for a proximal urethral defect with bladder neck dilation.
Subject(s)
Urinary Bladder/diagnostic imaging , Urinary Incontinence, Stress/diagnostic imaging , Adult , Cough , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Ultrasonography , Valsalva ManeuverSubject(s)
Patient Care Team , Quality Assurance, Health Care , Urinary Incontinence/diagnostic imaging , Urodynamics/physiology , Uterine Prolapse/diagnostic imaging , Female , Humans , Ultrasonography , Urethra/diagnostic imaging , Urinary Bladder/diagnostic imaging , Urinary Incontinence, Stress/diagnostic imaging , Vagina/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
Two camelpoxvirus (CPV) strains isolated from camels with generalized skin-disease were serially passaged on Vero cells. Various phenotypic properties were investigated in vitro and in vivo and compared with those of the corresponding wildtype strains. In many aspects no differences were observed. However, in a mouse model both passaged strains proved to be highly attenuated. In addition, both strains failed to replicate in a cell line derived from camel skin cells. Comparison of physical maps established for enzymes HindIII and Xhol revealed deletions accounting for a total of 22 kbp in one attenuated strain. In the second strain only minor alterations were noted.
Subject(s)
Camelus/virology , Variola virus/isolation & purification , Animals , Genome, Viral , Mice , Variola virus/genetics , Variola virus/physiology , Virulence , Virus ReplicationABSTRACT
Five orthopoxvirus isolates of camels from different geographic regions of Africa and Asia were analysed with respect to their biological and genomic attributes. The behaviour of the isolates in various cell cultures, the type of pock lesions on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated chicken eggs, and the respective ceiling temperatures were determined. Additionally, physical maps for restriction endonucleases HindIII and XhoI were established. The data obtained from biological assays and DNA analyses demonstrated minor differences between the five isolates. However, these findings confirm previous reports suggesting that orthopoxviruses of camels constitute a separate species within the genus Orthopoxvirus.
Subject(s)
Camelus/virology , Poxviridae/classification , Poxviridae/isolation & purification , Africa , Allantois , Animals , Asia , Blotting, Southern , Cell Line , Chick Embryo , Chorion , DNA, Viral/analysis , Deoxyribonuclease HindIII , Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific , Geography , Poxviridae/genetics , Restriction Mapping , Virion/genetics , Virion/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
The immunological efficacy of vacciniavirus "MVA" was tested against a dermal and intradermal infection with cowpoxvirus "OPV 85" in rabbits: A single vaccination with "MVA" provided only insufficient immunity, a revaccination induced good immunity. Intramuscular immunizations protected better than subcutaneous applications. Immunized rabbits showed "revaccination reactions" after infection with "OPV 85" indicating a cellular immunity. After immunization with "MVA" and after infection with cowpoxvirus "OPV 85" all rabbits developed N- and ELISA-antibodies. HAI-antibodies were not found after immunization, but indicated a multiplication of cowpoxvirus after challenge. Vacciniavirus "MVA" is suggested for immunization of man and animal against possible infections with cowpoxvirus and cowpoxlike viruses.
Subject(s)
Cowpox/prevention & control , Vaccination , Vaccinia virus/immunology , Viral Vaccines , Animals , Cowpox/veterinary , Injections, Intramuscular/veterinary , Injections, Subcutaneous/veterinary , Rabbits , Vaccination/veterinary , Viral Vaccines/administration & dosageABSTRACT
In an evaluation of literature the biological, physical-chemical and antigenic characteristics of cowpoxviruses and cowpox-like agents are presented, the according diseases following a natural and experimental infection are described and their epizootiological and epidemiological aspects discussed.
Subject(s)
Cowpox virus/classification , Cowpox/microbiology , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis , Cattle , Cells, Cultured , Cowpox/epidemiology , Cowpox/veterinary , Cowpox virus/growth & development , Cowpox virus/immunology , HumansABSTRACT
The presence of Aujeszky's disease (AD) antibodies in eluates of whole blood on filter paper and corresponding sera from Thai pigs was determined by ELISA, SNT and LT. From a total of 800 samples tested by ELISA, 26% of the sera and 18% of the eluates showed positive results. From 640 samples tested by SNT and chosen because they gave negative, suspicious, or weakly positive results by ELISA, 22% were positive. A total of 182 suspicious samples were also tested by LT, and among them 63 (35%) were clearly positive. The investigation demonstrated that the older the animal, the greater the probability that antibodies would be found. Owner surveys tended to state that few animals had been vaccinated. This coupled with the high frequency of antibodies detected, indicates that AD-infection among Thailand's swine population is a common problem.
Subject(s)
Pseudorabies/epidemiology , Swine Diseases/epidemiology , Animals , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Latex Fixation Tests , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Swine , ThailandABSTRACT
A synopsis about published methods and results on experiments to cultivate bee cells in vitro is given. Experimental investigations were performed with haemocytes of larvae of the L-5 stage using many different media and methods for the preparation of primary tissue culture. Monolayers could be prepared and a high rate of reproduction has been achieved, although subpassages could not be obtained. Haemocytes could be kept alive up to 27 days by using BML-TC/7A medium according to Gardiner and Stockdale, modified by Skatulla (pers. communic., 1987). Further experiments are necessary in order to study the suitability of bee cells to detect specific pathogens and toxic substances.
Subject(s)
Bees/cytology , Hemocytes/cytology , Animals , Cell Division , Cells, Cultured , Culture MediaABSTRACT
The results of three tests for Aujeszky's disease were analysed and compared. The presence of Aujeszky's antibodies was determined by "Enzyme-linked-Immunosorbent-Assays" (ELISA, "Enzygnost"), Behring company, Marburg; "Serum-Neutralization-Tests" (SNT); and "Latex Agglutination-Tests" (LT, "Aujeszky-Latex-Kit"), Iffa Merieux company, Laupheim. Whole blood and sera samples were taken from 805 swine from 26 of Thailand's provinces. These samples were analysed to determine if eluates of whole blood on filter paper were as effective as corresponding sera samples in determining the presence of Aujeszky's disease antibodies. From a total of 805 samples, 26% of the serum and 18% of the blood eluate samples showed a positive result when tested by the ELISA method. Clearly, testing whole blood eluates provides results which are inferior to results from sera samples. Therefore the ELISA whole blood eluates test can only be recommended with reservations. Further testing was done on 645 serum samples using SNT. Samples tested were those which gave negative, suspicious, or weakly positive results when tested by ELISA. Using SNT, 23% of these showed a positive result. Many serum and blood eluate samples were also tested by LT. Most of these test samples were chosen because they were deemed suspicious. Suspicious samples were defined as those which had deviant test results. According to these results the sensitivity of LT was between the sensitivity of SNT and ELISA. Owner survey responses tended to state that few animals had been vaccinated. This coupled with the frequency of antibody occurrence proves the high rate of infection among Thailand's swine population.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral/blood , Herpesvirus 1, Suid/immunology , Pseudorabies/epidemiology , Swine Diseases/epidemiology , Animals , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Latex Fixation Tests , Neutralization Tests , Swine , Thailand/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Outbreaks of papillomatosis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) were detected for the first time in Somalia. Electron microscopic investigations revealed typical papillomavirions in skin lesions. Histopathological sections showed alterations which are regarded as pathognomonic for warts. The presumptive diagnosis of the skin disease was contagious ecthyma, as this infection was found simultaneously in some affected herds with symptoms similar to those of papillomatosis.
Subject(s)
Camelus , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Tumor Virus Infections/veterinary , Animals , Microscopy, Electron , Papillomaviridae/ultrastructure , Skin/microbiology , Somalia/epidemiology , Tumor Virus Infections/epidemiologyABSTRACT
From cattle breeding areas of Namibia a total of 2,800 sera from 1984-1987 were tested by Elisa for antibodies to BHV1 and BHV2. From north-east to south-west a drop in BHV2 antibody prevalences was found which paralleled the decrease in rainfall. With BHV1 the percentage of positive reacting sera was also highest in the northern communal areas (up to 80%). In the commercial farming area with best farming conditions the percentage was lowest, but it was south of here again higher in the areas of lower precipitation where farming conditions are less optimal.
