ABSTRACT
Background Spiders of the genus Loxosceles are distributed throughout tropical and temperate regions worldwide. Loxosceles spp. bites may evolve to necrosis, with or without intravascular hemolysis. There is no consensus regarding the best treatment to prevent necrosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the factors associated with the development of necrosis and the impact that antivenom administration has on the evolution of cutaneous loxoscelism. Methodology/Principal findings This was a prospective observational study carried out at a referral center for envenoming. Over a 6-year period, we included 146 patients with a presumptive or definitive diagnosis of loxoscelism. Depending on the symptom severity, a polyvalent anti-arachnid antivenom was administered or not—in 74 cases (50.7%) and 72 cases (49.3%), respectively. Cutaneous and systemic manifestations were assessed at admission and weekly thereafter. Adverse reactions to the antivenom were also evaluated. Cutaneous loxoscelism was observed in 141 cases (96.6%), and the spider was identified in 29 (19.9%). The mean time from bite to antivenom administration was 41.6 ± 27.4 h. After discharge, 130 patients (90.9%) were treated with corticosteroids, antihistamines and analgesics being prescribed as needed. The probability of developing necrosis was significantly lower among the patients who were admitted earlier, as well as among those who received antivenom (p = 0.0245). Among the 74 patients receiving antivenom, early and delayed adverse reactions occurred in seven (9.5%) and four (5.4%), respectively. Local infection was observed only in three (2.3%) of the 128 patients for whom that information was available. Conclusions/Significance Necrosis after a Loxosceles sp. bite appears to more common when hospital admission is delayed or when antivenom is not administered. In addition, the administration of a polyvalent anti-arachnid antivenom appears to be safe, with a relatively low rate of adverse reactions.
ABSTRACT
RACIONAL: O câncer colorretal inclui-se entre as primeiras neoplasias malignas mais freqüentes no mundo e causa de morte entre os diversos tipos de câncer; ultrapassado somente pelo câncer de pulmão. Freqüentemente ocorrem metástases e o agravamento da doença levando à morte OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a ressecção cirúrgica radical das metástases hepáticas com margem de segurança superior a 10 mm promove maiores índices de sobrevivência e quais os fatores que podem auxiliar no prognóstico. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de 49 pacientes portadores de metástase hepática de adenocarcinoma colorretal, sem evidência de concomitância em outros órgãos e submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico. Os indicadores epidemiológicos foram: idade, gênero, tamanho da metástase hepática e ou da maior lesão, número de nódulos regionais ressecados e comprometidos, margem de ressecção livre de neoplasia. Os sobreviventes foram convocados e avaliados clinicamente, por meio de exames laboratoriais e estudos radiológicos com finalidade de determinar a evolução da doença. Os critérios de exclusão foram falta de comprovação histológica da metástase hepática e com evidência de neoplasia em outros órgãos além do intestino grosso e do fígado, na época do tratamento cirúrgico inicial e da metástase hepática. RESULTADOS: A casuística consistiu de 24 pacientes do gênero feminino e 25 do masculino.A média e o desvio-padrão das idades foi de 55,9 + 11,9 anos com mediana de 56 anos, Foram realizadas 15 hepatectomias direitas regradas e 11 esquerdas; 13 segmentectomias direitas e esquerdas; 9 nodulectomias e 1 biópsia. Adicionalmente efetuaram-se 2 alcoolizações, 4 quimioembolizações, 1 termoablação, 1 bloqueio portal seletivo com posterior hepatectomia direita e termoablação de lesões no segmentos III e IV. O peso do fígado foi igual a 555,71 + 261,96 g e mediana de 600 g. O número mediano de nódulos ressecados foi de 2. O tamanho médio da lesão foi de 4,45 + 2,8. A margem cirúrgica maior que 10 mm foi observada em 32 casos. O valor do CEA antes da operação de 68,13 + 105,65 ng/ml e mediana de 22,2 ng/ml. Obito ocorreu em 22 casos (44,89%). O tipo histológico predominante foi o adenocarcinoma tubular moderadamente diferenciado em 65,96%, 17,02% pouco e 17,02% bem diferenciado. Fatores como o tipo histológico indiferenciado, menor infiltrado inflamatório peritumoral, maior reação desmoplásica e inexistência de cápsula circunscrevendo o tumor parecem compor fatores de pior prognóstico, embora não tenham sido capazes de isoladamente serem significantes Observou-se associação significante entre o nível sérico abaixo de 7 ng/ml de CEA e o sincronismo da metástase hepática. CONCLUSÕES: A ressecção cirúrgica radical das metástases hepáticas com margem de segurança superior a 10 mm promoveram maior sobrevida; os níveis séricos elevados de CEA associaram-se à recidiva tumoral das metástases e pior evolução clínica; 3. tipo histológico indiferenciado, menor infiltrado inflamatório peritumoral, maior reação desmoplásica, inexistência de cápsula circunscrevendo o tumor sugerem pior prognóstico.
BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer belongs to the most frequent malignant neoplasia in the world and responsible for the cause of death among other types of cancer; ranked second behind lung cancer. Metastasis frequently occurs and disease worsening leads to patient death. AIM: To analyze if radical surgical resection for colorectal cancer liver metastases with resection margin greater than 10 mm promotes better survival rates and the factors that might predict prognosis. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 49 patients presenting colorectal adenocarcinoma liver metastases without evidence of concomitant disease and submitted to surgical treatment. Epidemiologic parameters were: age, gender, size of liver metastasis and or the largest lesion, number of regional lymph nodes dissection and involvement, neoplasia-free margin resection. Patients were evaluated clinically, undergoing laboratory exams analysis and imaging studies for disease follow-up. Exclusion criteria were non-histological proof of liver metastasis and evidence of disease in sites other than colon and liver, at the time of surgical treatment and liver metastasis. RESULTS: Casuistic group consisted of 24 female and 25 male patients. Mean and standard deviation for age was 55,9 + 11,9 years, median of 56 years. Surgical procedures included 15 right hepatectomy and 11 left hepatectomy; 13 right and left segmentectomy; 9 nodulectomy and 1 biopsy. Additionally, 2 alcoholization, 4 chemoembolization, 1 thermoablative therapy, 1 selective portal vein block with later right hepatectomy and thermoablative thereapy on segments III and IV were performed. Liver weighted 555,71 + 261,96 g, median of 600g. Median of lymph nodes resection was 2. The mean lesion size consisted in 4,45 + 2,8. Resection margin greater than 10 mm was observed in 32 cases. Serum CEA value before surgical procedure was 68,13 + 105,65 ng/ml, median of 22,2 ng/ml. Death occurred in 22 cases (44,89%). Predominant histological diagnoses was moderate differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma in 65,96%, 17,02% poorly and 17,02% well differentiated. Factors such as undifferentiated histological type, less inflammatory peritumor infiltration, greater desmoplastic reaction and the absence of capsule around the tumor seem to reflect worse prognosis, although none of the factors being statistic significantly isolated. Significant association was noticed between CEA serum level under 7 ng/mg and synchronic hepatic metastases. CONCLUSION: Radical surgical resection for colorectal cancer liver metastases with a resection margin greater than 10 mm promotes better survival rates; elevated serum CEA levels were related to recurrence after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer and worse clinical outcome; undifferentiated histological type, less inflammatory peritumor infiltration, greater desmoplastic reaction and the absence of capsule around the tumor suggested worse prognosis.
