Mycobacterium shinjukuense infection successfully treated with clarithromycin, rifampicin, and ethambutol.

We present the case of a 59-year-old woman diagnosed with Mycobacterium shinjukuense infection using mass spectrometry of bronchioalveolar lavage fluid. We initiated treatment with clarithromycin, rifampicin, and ethambutol based on the results of drug susceptibility testing, which improved lung opacities. Most previous cases were treated with the standard regimen for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, our regimen may provide a therapeutic option for this rare nontuberculous Mycobacterium infection.

End-tidal capnographic monitoring during flexible bronchoscopy under fentanyl and midazolam sedation.

BACKGROUND: Bronchoscopic examination including endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is well established for lung cancer diagnosis and staging. Sedation using fentanyl and midazolam is recommended during bronchoscopic examinations. Meanwhile, inadvertent oversedation is a clinical problem. The objective of this research was to estimate the frequency of apnea episodes by end-tidal capnography under fentanyl and midazolam sedation during bronchoscopy. METHODS: Eighty-five patients were enrolled retrospectively between August 2017 and March 2018 at Okayama Medical Center. Apnea was defined as the cessation of airflow for more than 10 seconds. We reviewed medical records, including capnographic data, by cap-ONE YG-227T (NIHON KOHDEN, Tokyo, Japan) during flexible bronchoscopy under fentanyl and midazolam sedation. RESULTS: Patients received 49.4±20.6 µg of fentanyl [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] and 4.35±2.0 mg of midazolam (mean ± SD). The patients included 52 males and 33 females; the median age was 71 (range, 31-88) years were enrolled. Apnea episodes were recorded (median duration 18 seconds) in 85 patients (100%). Prolonged apnea episodes with more than 30 seconds occurred in 56 patients (65.8%). Furthermore, the median time was 32 (range, 5-102) seconds whose delay between the onset of an apnea episode and decline in the SpO2 level of ≥4% from baseline. CONCLUSIONS: End-tidal capnography, cap-ONE YG-227T was effective for detecting the occurrence of apnea in patients undergoing a bronchoscopic examination under fentanyl and midazolam sedation. Monitoring might be useful for preventing inadvertent oversedation.

[Effective Treatment of Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax due to Pulmonary Mycobacterium Avium Complex by Thoracoscopic Intra-fistula Filling with Suture Closure].

Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax associated with pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection is often difficult to treat. Pneumothorax associated with pulmonary MAC is characterized by a large fistula with a cavity or bronchodilation, and pleural thickening due to pleurisy. Herein, we report two cases of pneumothorax with pulmonary MAC successfully treated by minimally invasive thoracoscopic intra-fistula filling with a suture closure method. At operation, after fully filling the fistula with a polyglycolic acid (PGA) sheet and fibrin glue, the fistula was sutured with covering the PGA sheet and fibrin glue. Postoperative course was uneventful and both patient could discharged from the hospital.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy and safety in older non-small cell lung cancer patients.

OBJECTIVES: Immune checkpoint inhibitors offer longer survival than chemotherapy in several clinical trials for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. In subset analyses of clinical trials, immune checkpoint inhibitors extended survival in patients aged ≥65 years, but the effects in patients aged ≥75 years are controversial. We performed multicenter, collaborative and retrospective analyses of immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy and safety in non-small cell lung cancer patients aged ≥75 years. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 434 advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients who received immune checkpoint inhibitors from December 2015 to December 2017, and retrospectively applied the Geriatric (G) 8 screening tool with medical records. RESULTS: Of the 434 patients who received immune checkpoint inhibitors, 100 were aged ≥75 years. Five patients with performance status 3 were omitted from the final analysis. Immune checkpoint inhibitors were given as a first-line treatment to 20 patients. The objective response rates, median progression-free survival rates and median survival times were 35.0%, 6.1 months and 10.7 months for first-line treatment, and 20.0%, 2.9 months and 14.7 months for second- or later-line treatments, respectively. The median modified G8 score was 11.0. The median survival time was longer in the high modified G8 (≥12.0) group than in the low modified G8 (≤11.0) group (18.7 vs. 8.7 months; P = 0.02). Likewise, the median survival time was 15.5 months (performance status 0-1) vs. 3.2 months (performance status 2) (P < 0.01). The grade ≥ 2 immune-related adverse events incidence was 36.8%. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, immune checkpoint inhibitors were effective and tolerable for patients aged ≥75 years. The modified G8 screening tool and performance status were associated with the outcome of older non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

The effect and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitor rechallenge in non-small cell lung cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated long survival for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the effect and safety of ICI rechallenge have not been fully evaluated. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of ICI rechallenge in NSCLC patients. METHODS: We defined 'rechallenge' as re-administration of ICIs for patients who were previously treated with ICIs and discontinued treatment for any reason, and received subsequent chemotherapy. We retrospectively analyzed the histories of 434 patients with advanced NSCLC who received ICIs from December 2015 to December 2017 at seven centers. RESULTS: A total of 317 patients discontinued the ICI treatment, and 14 patients (4.4%) received ICI rechallenge. All 14 patients discontinued the first ICI due to disease progression. Eight patients received the same kind of ICIs, and six patients received different ICIs. Median progression-free survival and overall survival were 1.5 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.8-2.6] and 6.5 months [95% CI: 1.4-19.0], respectively. The objective response rate was 7.1%, and the disease control rate was 21.4%. Two of three patients who achieved at least a stable disease, received radiotherapy between the first and second ICIs. Adverse events were not significantly different compared with the first ICIs. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the effect of ICI rechallenge was limited. Careful consideration of the administration of ICI rechallenge is necessary. This report involved a small number of cases, so further large prospective studies are warranted to confirm the efficacy of ICI rechallenge and to investigate predictive markers to identify a patient population in which ICI rechallenge is effective.

Effect of a retinoid X receptor partial agonist on airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of asthma.

BACKGROUND: Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily that mediate signaling by 9-cis retinoic acid, a vitamin A (retinol) derivative. RXRs play key roles not only as homodimers but also as heterodimeric partners-e.g., retinoic acid receptors (RARs), vitamin D receptors (VDRs), liver X receptors (LXRs), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). The NR family was recently associated with allergic diseases, but the role of RXRs in allergen-induced airway responses is not well defined. The goal of this study is to elucidate the role of RXRs in asthma pathogenesis and the potency of RXR partial agonist in the treatment of allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness using a murine model of asthma. METHODS: We investigated the effect of a novel RXR partial agonist (NEt-4IB) on the development of allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in a murine model of asthma. Balb/c mice were sensitized (days 0 and 14) and challenged (days 28-30) with ovalbumin (OVA), and airway inflammation and airway responses were monitored 48 h after the last OVA challenge. NEt-4IB was administered orally on days 25 to 32. RESULTS: Oral administration of NEt-4IB significantly suppressed AHR and inflammatory cell accumulation in the airways and attenuated the levels of TNF-α in the lung and IL-5, IL-13 and NO levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and the number of periodic acid Schiff (PAS)-positive goblet cells in lung tissue. Treatment with NEt-4IB also significantly suppressed NF-κB expression. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that RXRs may be of crucial importance in the mechanism of allergic asthma and that the novel RXR partial agonist NEt-4IB may be a promising candidate for the treatment of allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in a model of allergic asthma.

[Training of pharmacists in the assessment of vital signs using human subjects for the purpose of better pharmacist-patient communication].

Since 2005, the Japanese pharmacy education program has changed to a six year-system from a four year-system with the aim to help students obtain a higher level of clinical knowledge and skill regarding humanity and morality. Under the new pharmacy education system, the correct assessment of vital signs is observed in pharmacy practice so that pharmacists can sell "over the counter drugs (OTC)" safely. From this point of view, we started a pharmacy practice that recognizes a series of vital signs, i.e., blood pulse, blood pressure, respiratory sound, and electrocardiogram, using a physical figure subjecting to 4th-year students (n=142) . After the practice, a questionnaire was conducted in order to assess the satisfaction of the practice. The results suggested that students could successfully learn physical assessment by using physical figures (ratios more than grade 4: 60%). Students could also evaluate the necessity of physical assessment (ratios more than grade 4: 70%), suggesting the practice of using physical figures was accepted by most students.