[Optimal Clinical Strategy for Photodynamic Therapy Using Liposomal Indocyanine Green-A Case Series Study].

BACKGROUND: The biodistribution of liposomal ICG and the optimal clinical strategy for PDT using liposomal ICG is unclear because of the lack of clinical evidences. PURPOSE: This case-series study aimed to evaluate the biodistribution of liposomal ICG in patients with breast cancer undergoing PDT. METHOD AND RESULT: Four patients with breast cancer underwent PDT with liposomal ICG in addition to a transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE)from August 2020 to October 2020. Patients were administered 300 mg liposomal ICG(180 mg intravenously and 120 mg intratumorally via the feeding artery) 24 hours before PDT during a TACE procedure. We used near-infrared fluorescence(NIR)imaging system(LIGHTVISION®; Shimadzu Corporation)to detect the biodistribution of liposomal ICG. The peak intratumoral liposomal ICG uptake was shown 24 hours after liposomal ICG administration in 3 patients. Only 1 patient had peak uptake at 6 hours, with no uptake at 24 hours. CONCLUSION: NIR-imaging system may be and adjuvant in evaluation of liposomal ICG biodistribution in patients with breast cancer and assisting in the decision-making for the use of PDT with liposomal ICG.

Adult-onset portosystemic encephalopathy caused by patent ductus venosus successfully treated with endovascular coil embolization: a rare case report.

BACKGROUND: Patent ductus venosus (PDV) is a congenital shunt between the portal vein (PV) and inferior vena cava (IVC). However, there are few reports on symptomatic adult-onset PDV, and the appropriate management of this condition remains unknown. In particular, there are few reports on the use of endovascular therapy for the treatment of patients with symptomatic adult-onset PDV. However, the strategies, indications, long-term efficacy, and safety of this therapy remain poorly understood. Here we report a rare case of adult-onset PDV successfully treated via endovascular coil embolization using a retrievable IVC filter. CASE PRESENTATION: A 35-year-old man with a clinical course of progressive general fatigue and ataxia for 3 months was diagnosed with depressive personality disorder in another hospital 2 months ago and then referred to our hospital for detailed examination and further treatment. Blood test results showed hyperammonemia, indicating hepatic encephalopathy. Contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography and transarterial portography revealed a portosystemic shunt that connected the left PV to IVC. Endovascular coil embolization was successfully performed after temporary balloon occlusion testing and the placement of a retrievable IVC filter. After the procedure, ammonia levels gradually reduced, and his symptoms improved without any postoperative complications. No clinical symptoms were observed at the 6-year clinical follow up. CONCLUSION: This report supports the findings of other studies and offers a less invasive therapeutic option, thereby aiding clinicians in making appropriate treatment decisions for these patients.

Long-Term Outcomes of Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation After Rotational Atherectomy for Left Main Coronary Artery Bifurcation Lesions.

The clinical outcomes of drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation after rotational atherectomy (RA) for complex left main coronary artery (LMCA) bifurcation lesions remain unclear. Among 1,809 patients retrospectively enrolled in the Assessing Optimal percutaneous coronary Intervention for LMCA Registry, we identified 1,199 patients with LMCA bifurcation lesions treated by crossover stenting with DES for the main vessel. The study population was divided according to the use of RA. The patients in the RA group were further subdivided into the 2 subgroups on the basis of the stenting approach. The rates of periprocedural myocardial infarction and in-hospital death in the RA group were comparable to those in the non-RA group. The cumulative 5-year incidences of all-cause death and target lesion revascularization (TLR) were significantly higher in the RA group than those in the non-RA group. However, after adjusting confounders, the excess risks of the RA group relative to the non-RA group for all-cause death and TLR were no longer significant (hazard ratio 0.95, 95% confidence intervals 0.59 to 1.52, p = 0.83, and hazard ratio 1.46, 95% confidence intervals 0.82 to 2.60, p = 0.20, respectively). In the RA group, the cumulative 5-year incidences of all-cause death and TLR were markedly higher in the 2-stent subgroup than in the 1-stent subgroup (58.1% vs 26.0%, p = 0.001, and 43.0% vs 16.3%, p = 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, DES implantation after RA was a safe and feasible strategy in treating those patients with complex LMCA bifurcation lesions. In this strategy, the 2-stent approach was associated with markedly worse 5-year clinical outcomes than the 1-stent approach.

Prognostic impact of final kissing balloon technique after crossover stenting for the left main coronary artery: from the AOI-LMCA registry.

It is still uncertain whether the final kissing balloon technique (FKBT) is mandatory after crossover stenting for the left main coronary artery (LMCA). Assessing Optimal Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for LMCA (AOI-LMCA) registry, a 6-center retrospective registry, enrolled 1809 consecutive patients for LMCA stenting in Japan. In the present analysis, 5-year clinical outcomes were compared between non-FKBT (n = 160) and FKBT (n = 578) groups in patients treated with crossover stenting with drug-eluting stents from the LMCA to the left anterior descending artery. Propensity score-matched analysis was also performed in 160 patient pairs. In the entire study population as well as in the propensity-matched population, the cumulative 5-year incidence of the primary outcome measure (target lesion revascularization: TLR) was not significantly different between the FKBT and non-FKBT groups (10.7 versus 14.3%, P = 0.49, and 11.8 versus 14.3%, P = 0.53, respectively). In the sensitivity analysis by the multivariable Cox proportional hazard model, the effect of FKBT relative to non-FKBT for TLR remained insignificant (adjusted HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.47-1.69, P = 0.72). Regarding the TLR location, there were no significant differences in the cumulative incidences of TLR for LMCA-only, for the main branch, and for the side branch between the 2 groups (2.2 versus 1.3%, P = 0.93, 11.8 versus 9.1%, P = 0.71, and 8.2 versus 7.6%, P = 0.82, respectively). FKBT after a 1-stent strategy for LMCA crossover stenting did not affect TLR and other clinical outcomes during 5-year follow-up.Clinical Trial Registration: Assessing Optimal Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Left Main Coronary Artery Stenting Registry (AOI LMCA Stenting Registry). http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index/htm/ . Unique Identifier: UMIN000014706.

Acute Coronary Syndrome With Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Culprit　- An Observation From the AOI-LMCA Registry.

BACKGROUND: Data on the clinical outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for unprotected left main coronary artery (LMCA) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the clinical outcome of patients with ACS who underwent PCI for LMCA culprit lesion.Methods and Results:Of 1,809 patients enrolled in the Assessing Optimal Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for the LMCA (AOI-LMCA) registry (a retrospective 6-center registry of consecutive patients undergoing LMCA stenting in Japan), the current study population consisited of 1,500 patients with unprotected LMCA stenting for LMCA ACS (ACS with shock: 115 patients, ACS without shock: 281 patients) and stable CAD (1,104 patients). The cumulative 180-day incidence of death was markedly higher in the ACS with shock group than in the other groups (49.5%, 8.6%, and 3.3%, respectively; P<0.0001), but mortality beyond 180-day was not significantly different among the 3 groups (30.2%, 20.4%, and 19.5%, respectively; P=0.65). In the ACS with shock group, the initial TIMI flow grade did not affect 5-year mortality (57.1% and 62.2%, P=0.99), but in the ACS without shock group, 5-year mortality was significantly higher in patients with initial TIMI flow grade ≤1 than in patients with TIMI flow grade ≥2 (44.4% and 23.7%, respectively; P=0.008). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with LMCA ACS, survival correlates with baseline hemodynamic and coronary flow status.

Impact of previous drug-eluting stent restenosis in non-left main coronary artery lesions on long-term outcomes after left main coronary artery stenting: an observation from the AOI-LMCA registry.

We hypothesized that patients who had previous target-lesion revascularization (TLR) for DES restenosis in non-left main coronary artery (LMCA) lesions might have a higher risk for restenosis after subsequent DES implantation for a de novo unprotected LMCA lesion. Among 1809 patients enrolled in the Assessing Optimal Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for LMCA (AOI-LMCA) registry, which is a retrospective 6-centre registry of consecutive patients undergoing LMCA stenting in Japan, 251 patients with previous DES implantation for non-LMCA lesions were subdivided into the 2 groups with (N = 56) or without (N = 195) previous TLR in non-LMCA lesions. The risk for TLR for LMCA was neutral between the prior TLR for DES restenosis group and the no prior TLR for DES restenosis group [hazard ratio (HR) 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44-2.02, P = 0.98]. The risks for both TLR caused by restenosis of the LMCA main branch, and second TLR for restenosis after first TLR for LMCA were also neutral between the 2 groups (HR 0.42, 95% CI 0.10-1.25, P = 0.13, and HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.03-3.63, P = 0.60, respectively). In conclusion, prior TLR for DES restenosis in non-LMCA lesions was not associated with worse long-term clinical outcomes after DES implantation for de novo unprotected LMCA lesions. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Assessing Optimal Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Left Main Coronary Artery Stenting Registry (AOI LMCA Stenting Registry). http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index/htm/ . Unique Identifier: UMIN000014706.

Long-Term Outcomes After Stent Implantation for Left Main Coronary Artery (from the Multicenter Assessing Optimal Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Left Main Coronary Artery Stenting Registry).

We assessed long-term outcomes after left main coronary artery (LMCA) stenting based on lesion types and stenting strategies. In the Assessing Optimal percutaneous coronary Intervention for Left Main Coronary Artery stenting registry, we evaluated 1,607 consecutive patients undergoing stent implantation for unprotected LMCA lesions (bifurcation lesions: n = 1318 and nonbifurcation lesions: n = 289). Among the bifurcation lesions, 1,281 lesions were treated with stenting across the bifurcation (bifurcation 1-stent strategy: n = 999 or bifurcation 2-stent strategy: n = 282). Among the nonbifurcation lesions, 219 lesions were treated with nonbifurcation stenting. The median follow-up duration was 4.6 (95% CI 4.5 to 4.8) years. The 5-year risk of bifurcation lesions relative to nonbifurcation lesions was neutral for target lesion revascularization (TLR) (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.82, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.23, p = 0.34) and all-cause death (adjusted HR 1.22, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.71, p = 0.26). The risk of the bifurcation 1-stent strategy relative to nonbifurcation stenting in nonbifurcation lesions was also neutral for TLR (adjusted HR 1.19, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.90, p = 0.47) and all-cause death (adjusted HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.18, p = 0.27). However, the bifurcation 2-stent strategy was associated with worse clinical outcomes than the bifurcation 1-stent strategy in TLR (adjusted HR 1.76, 95% CI 1.23 to 2.52, p = 0.002) and definite or probable stent thrombosis (crude HR 3.50, 95% CI 1.32 to 9.33, p = 0.01), despite neutral risk for all-cause death (adjusted HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.36, p = 0.99). There was no definite or probable very late stent thrombosis up to 5 years. In conclusion, long-term outcomes after stent implantation for unprotected LMCA lesions were not dependent on the bifurcation lesion types but related to the bifurcation stenting strategies with worse outcomes for the bifurcation 2-stent strategy.

Retrievable Inferior Vena Cava Filter and Catheter Directed Thrombolysis (CDT) for Treating a 19-year-old Man with Acute Myeloid Leukemia Complicated by Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): A Case Report.

Here, we report a case of a 19-year-old man with acute myeloid leukemia complicated by deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in which we placed a retrievable inferior vena cava (IVC) filter during catheter directed thrombolysis (CDT). We were able to retrieve the IVC filter after a successful CDT and concluded that the use of this filter might be efficacious and better than an indwelling IVC filter that is associated with long-term risks. A retrievable filter and CDT should be considered in patients who are at transient risk for phlebemphraxis and require placement of a filter.

An unmappable ventricular tachycardia in the arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: elucidation of critical isolated delayed components with high-resolution electroanatomical mapping.

Unmappable ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a challenge in the management of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). We report a feasible strategy for a curative ablation. In the present case with ARVC, the clinical VT showed a single morphology of left bundle branch block with inferior axis. Neither activation mapping nor entrainment mapping could be done because of instability of the haemodynamics. Furthermore, pace mapping could not be obtained due to electrically unexcitable scars covering with the RV. We found isolated delayed components (IDCs) in the diastolic phase recorded within the scar areas. Electroanatomical mapping (CARTO) with tiered decreasing voltage definition revealed that IDCs were delineated on the narrow conducting channels along or between the complete scars (amplitude < or =0.1 mV). Isolated delayed components on the narrow channels were targeted under the guidance with CARTO. After 11 radiofrequency applications, the clinical VT was eliminated. Moreover, epsilon waves recorded on the 12-lead electrocardiogram disappeared. No ventricular tachyarrhythmia was recognized at 6-month follow-up. Isolated delayed component ablation with high-resolution CARTO map was feasible and provided a curative approach in the treatment of an unmappable VT in ARVC.

Ventricular late potential in patients with apparently normal electrocardiogram; predictor of Brugada syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Brugada syndrome can be overlooked due to its dynamic change in its electrocardiogram (ECG) manifestation. We hypothesized that positive ventricular late potential (VLP) in patients with nonspecific ECG would predict the inducible coved ST elevation (type-1 Brugada ECG) and the patients at high risk. METHODS: Thirty-four patients of nonspecific ECG without structural heart disease were eligible for this study. All patients were referred for evaluation of syncopal episodes and/or cardiac arrest and/or frequent episodes of ventricular premature contractions. We assessed the correlation between baseline VLP and the alteration to a drug-induced type-1 Brugada ECG, and also evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of positive VLP in normal ECG subjects for the appearance of a drug-induced type-1 Brugada ECG. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients presented positive VLP and 13 patients showed negative VLP. Parameters of VLP (fQRSd, RMS(40), LAS(40)) presented significant correlation with the alteration to a type-1 ECG by pilsicainide. VLP demonstrated high sensitivity and negative predictive value for the prediction of type-1 Brugada ECG. Furthermore, in their follow-up, at least two cases of ventricular fibrillation were recognized in 21 of positive VLP patients with apparently normal ECGs. CONCLUSIONS: VLP in apparently normal ECG can predict the alteration to a drug-induced type-1 Brugada ECG and unmask the patients at risk.

The results of a new distal protection method in intervention for chronic total occlusion of the superficial femoral artery.

Aims. To determine the efficacy of a new distal protection method in SFA CTO interventions. Methods and Results. From June 2003 to February 2009, ninety-two consecutive, chronic total occlusions of superficial femoral arteries were treated with catheter-based intervention using a bidirectional approach. Nine of these cases were managed with our original, distal protection method, based on symptoms, angiographic images, wire resistance, and intravascular ultrasound images. The average age was 73 years; eight patients were male. The mean occlusion length was 17.1 cm. A distal protection balloon was inserted from the retrograde sheath in the popliteal artery and placed distal to the occluded lesion after successful wire crossing. Lesion dilatation with a balloon was performed antegradely and debris was removed by 6Fr. guiding catheter. Debris was retrieved from all lesions, consisting mainly of thrombus. Where we decided not to use the distal protection method, there was no distal thromboembolism. Conclusion. In SFA-CTO intervention, the risk of distal embolization is 10%, which can be anticipated and eliminated by the distal protection method.

Thrombo-occlusion of inferior vena cava filter in a patient with polycythemia vera.

This is a case of a thrombo-occlusion occurring below an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter inserted in a patient with polycythemia vera and deep vein thrombosis. The patient was a 48-year-old man with polycythemia vera and a chief complaint of swelling, redness, and bursting pain in his right leg. After admission, contrast-enhanced computed tomography scanning demonstrated a pulmonary artery thrombus and deep vein thrombosis. We inserted a Gunther tulip vena cava filter on day 1 for the prevention of pulmonary embolism (PE), and started anticoagulation therapy based on the guideline of the Japanese Circulation Society for DVT. In addition to intravenous anticoagulants, we started therapeutic phlebotomy to improve the hypercoagulability state. On day 4, our patient complained of back pain caused by thrombo-occlusion below the IVC filter, despite the anticoagulation therapy and two therapeutic phlebotomies. From this case, we concluded it is important to lower hemoglobin level and hematocrit as early as possible for IVC-filter-insertion in patients with polycythemia vera.

Catheter ablation of fatal ventricular tachyarrhythmias storm in acute coronary syndrome--role of Purkinje fiber network.

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) or ventricular tachycardia (VT) storm is a life-threatening arrhythmia. Antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) are not necessarily effective to rescue life from such conditions. Catheter ablation (CA) targeting triggering premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) of VF or VT that originates from Purkinje fiber network (PFN) is reported to be effective, especially in idiopathic patients. However, in condition of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), the efficacy of CA is not well understood. To clarify the usefulness of CA as an alternative way to AADs, we performed CA in four patients with VF or VT storm. The Purkinje potential was seen just before the myocardial ventricular wave during sinus rhythm that became more prominent and double components during the initiating PVC at the targeted area. Following CA, spontaneous episodes of VF or VT were no longer observed. CA is an efficacious way to bail out PFN-related VF or VT storm even in ACS.